anatomy and physiology

Question 1

What is in a synovial joint

Answer 1

Synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, joint capsule cartilage, ligaments

Question 2

Name the types of synovial joints

Answer 2

Hinge and ball and socket

Question 3

Name a synovial joint in the body

Answer 3

Knee, elbow, hip, shoulder

Question 4

What are the functions of the skeleton

Answer 4

Protection, Mineral storage, blood cell production, movement, support and structural shape and points for attachment.

Question 5

What bones are found in the leg

Answer 5

talus, fibula, tibia, femur

Question 6

what bones are found in the arm

Answer 6

humerus, radius, ulna

Question 7

what bones are found in the torso

Answer 7

ribs, pelvis, sternum, scapula, cranium, spine(vertebrae)

Question 8

what muscles are found in the arm

Answer 8

bicep, tricep

Question 9

what muscles are found in the leg

Answer 9

quadricep, hamstring, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior

Question 10

what muscles are found in the torso

Answer 10

hip flexors, gluteals, abdominals, pectorals, lattimus dorsi, deltiod and rotator cuffs

Question 11

what movement happens at the elbow

Answer 11

flexion and extension

Question 12

what movement happens at the ankle

Answer 12

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 13

what movement happens at the knee

Answer 13

flexion and extension

Question 14

what movement happens at the hip

Answer 14

flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

Question 15

what movement happens at the shoulder

Answer 15

Rotation, sewrcumduction, adduction and abduction

Question 16

what is an agonist muscle

Answer 16

the muscle that contracts to complete the movement

Question 17

what is the antagonist muscle

Answer 17

the muscles that relaxes to complete the movement

Question 18

what is an eccentric contraction

Answer 18

when the muscle contracts but still elongates

Question 19

what is a concentric contraction

Answer 19

when the muscle contracts and gets shorter

Question 20

what is an isometric contraction

Answer 20

when the muscle contracts but the length doesn’t change

Question 21

name the 2 isotonic contractions

Answer 21

eccentric and concentric

Question 22

what is the route of the air when inspiring

Answer 22

mouth/nose => trachea => bronchus => bronchioles => alveoli => blood

Question 23

how is the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange

Answer 23

high surface area, one cell thick, large blood supply and steep concentration gradient

Question 24

describe a artery

Answer 24

thick muscle walls, small lumen and carries blood away from the heart

Question 25

describe a vein

Answer 25

thin muscle walls, large lumen and carries blood towards the heart

Question 26

what are the 4 sections in the heart called

Answer 26

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and right ventricle

Question 27

what is the route of the blood

Answer 27

``` • deoxygenated blood into right atrium • then into the right ventricle • the pulmonary artery then transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs • gas exchange occurs (blood is oxygenated) • pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood back to the left atrium • then into the left ventricle • before oxygenated blood is ejected and transported to the body via the aorta. ```

Question 28

what is the equation for cardiac output

Answer 28

cardiac output=stroke volume*heart rate

Question 29

what is the point of valves

Answer 29

to prevent back flow

Question 30

how do valves prevent back flow

Answer 30

valves prevent back flow as the shape makes it easier for the pressure of blood to push through but going backwards causes the valve to close because the blood is caught around the outside then pushes it shut

Question 31

what is cardiac output

Answer 31

the amount of blood pumped out the heart in one minute

Question 32

what is stroke volume

Answer 32

the amount of the blood pumped out the heart in one contraction

Question 33

what happens when you inhale

Answer 33

your intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm contracts and sternocleidomastoid contracts and chest expands and abdominals relaxes then lungs expand and fill with air

Question 34

what happens when you exhale

Answer 34

your intercostal muscles relax and diaphragm relaxes and sternocleidmastoid relaxes and abdominals contract chest decreases and lungs decrease

Question 35

what is tidal volume

Answer 35

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath

Question 36

what is expirartory reserve volume

Answer 36

volume of air exhaled in a deep breath subtract tidal volume

Question 37

what is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 37

volume of air inhaled in a deep breath subtract tidal volume

Question 38

what is residual volume

Answer 38

the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation

Question 39

What does EPOC stand for

Answer 39

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Question 40

What does EPOC do

Answer 40

To remove excess lactic acid

Question 41

What does a cool down do

Answer 41

It gradually reduces heart rate, reduces body temperature and dispersed and removes excess lactic acid

Question 42

Name some immediate effects of exercise

Answer 42

Getting hot, sweating, becoming red ( your capillaries by the skin dilate- get bigger- so hot blood realises heat energy to the environment), increase depth and rate of breathing and increased heart rate

Question 43

What are the short term effects of exercise

Answer 43

Fatigue, nausea, light headed, aching, cramp and doms

Question 44

What does DOMS stand for

Answer 44

Delayed onset muscle soreness

Question 45

What are the long term effects of exercise

Answer 45

Muscular hypertrophy, changed body shape (losing fat), increased muscular strength and endurance and speed, larger veins and arteries, increased strength for bones, ligaments and tendons and improved cardio vascular system and cardiac hypertrophy

Question 46

What is cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 46

Increased muscle for the heart

Question 47

What is muscular hypertrophy

Answer 47

Increased muscle