Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

Question

Inversion

Answer 1

Turn inward

Answer 2

Point toe downward

Answer 3

Lying straight on ones frontside, face down

Answer 4

Lying straight on ones back, face up

Answer 5

Without, absence

Answer 6

Toward, in direction of

Answer 7

Through, complete

Answer 8

Double, twin

Answer 9

Bad, difficult, painful

Answer 10

Good, normal, easy, well

Answer 11

Outside, outward

Answer 12

Excessive, increase

Answer 13

Deficient, decrease

Answer 14

Between, amount

Answer 15

Within, inside

Answer 16

Change, after, beyond

Answer 17

All, total

Answer 18

Beside, beyond, around

Answer 19

Surrounding

Answer 20

Under, less, below

Answer 21

Above, excessive

Answer 22

Together, join

Answer 23

Stretching out, dilation, expansion

Answer 24

Surgical removal

Answer 25

Blood condition

Answer 26

Agent that causes or produces

Answer 27

Origin, cause

Answer 28

Producing, causing, originating

Answer 29

An instrument for recording, picture, record

Answer 30

Process of producing a picture

Answer 31

Diseased, abnormal condition

Answer 32

Physician, treatment

Answer 33

Pertaining to

Answer 34

Seizure, attack

Answer 35

Loosening, dissolution, separating

Answer 36

Enlargement

Answer 37

Instrument to measure

Answer 38

Measurement

Answer 39

Tissue death

Answer 40

Resembling

Answer 41

specialist

Answer 42

The study of

Answer 43

Pertaining to

Answer 44

Abnormal condition

Answer 45

Surgically created opening

Answer 46

Surgical incision

Answer 47

Slight paralyzed

Answer 48

Abnormal reduction in number

Answer 49

Surgical fixation, suspension

Answer 50

Eating, swallowing

Answer 51

Abnormal fear, aversion to

Answer 52

Sound, voice

Answer 53

Formative material of cell

Answer 54

Surgical repair

Answer 55

Drooping, sagging, prolapse

Answer 56

Bleeding, bursting forth

Answer 57

Surgical suturing

Answer 58

Flow, discharge

Answer 59

Malignant tumor

Answer 60

Split, fracture

Answer 61

Visual exam with instrument

Answer 62

Visual examination

Answer 63

Sudden involuntary muscle contraction

Answer 64

Control, maintenance at constant level

Answer 65

Abnormal tightening, narrowing

Answer 66

Instrument used to cut

Answer 67

Surgical crushing

Answer 68

Development

Answer 69

Urine, urination

Answer 70

Rod shape or striated

Answer 71

Flesh, connective tissue

Answer 72

Internal organs

Answer 73

Smallest chemical unit of matter

Answer 74

Combination of 2 or more atoms, to make the smallest unit of substance. Element or compound. Can be substance. Water molecule made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

Answer 75

Basic unit of life, building block for tissue, organs

Answer 76

Division of 1 cell into 2 identical cells

Answer 77

Division of sex cell for organism, sexually produced

Answer 78

Movement of molecule from area of high concentration to low. | Made possible because adenosine triphosphate:high energy compound

Answer 79

Passive movement of dissolved particles by membrane from high concentration to low. More common transport mechanism

Answer 80

Use of mechanical pressure to diffuse liquid through membranes. Form of passive transport

Answer 81

Type of diffusion, movement of water or other substance in solution pass semipermeable membrane. Membrane allow some substance to pass through. Form of passive transport

Answer 82

No cellular energy required to move water and dissolve substance

Answer 83

Ingest and digest substance by phagocytosis cell. | Require cellular energy

Answer 84

Group of cells perform specific functions

Answer 85

Organ is body structure made up of a group of tissue, serve a common purpose or function

Answer 86

- skin, tube ducts, some glands, lining of cavity | - protects, absorb, secretes, excretes

Answer 87

- bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, sheaths, cardiac | - support, connect, other tissue and structure

Answer 88

- striated, smooth, cardiac | - movement, contracts, shortens

Answer 89

- Neurons in cells throughout body | - actively transmits impulse through networks

Answer 90

Group of organs work together to perform specific function

Answer 91

Equilibrium, maintenance a balance of internal body. Maintain in healthy state

Answer 92

Ear bones | -malleus, incus, stapes

Answer 93

``` -cervical: C1-C7, curve inward —atlas:C1, move head up/down —axis: C2, move head side to side -thoracic: T1-T12, curve outward -lumbar: L1-L5, curve inward -sacral: 5 fused vertebrae, curve outward -coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae ```

Answer 94

Rib cage - sternum: breastbone - xiphoid process: small, flat, blade like bone tip at bottom - ribs: 12 pairs

Answer 95

Upper arm, largest arm bone

Answer 96

Lower arm, thumb side

Answer 97

Lower arm, little finger side

Answer 98

Wrist bones

Answer 99

Hand bones, palm

Answer 100

Fingers and thumb bones

Answer 101

Thigh bone | -largest, longest, strongest bone

Answer 102

Knob at top of femur

Answer 103

Shin bone | -largest lower leg bone

Answer 104

Lower leg, lateral side of leg

Answer 105

Ankle bone

Answer 106

Heel bone, largest of tarsal

Answer 107

Shoulder blade, upper back bone

Answer 108

Collarbone, anterior shoulder bone

Answer 109

Winged shape portion of pelvic

Answer 110

Inferior portion of hip, sit support

Answer 111

Anterior Union f hip

Answer 112

Posterior wall of pelvis | 5 fused bones

Answer 113

Tail bone | -4 fused small vertebrae and ligament

Answer 114

Immovable. | 2 bones separated only by membrane

Answer 115

Slightly movable. | Fibrocartilaginous disk joined by joint capsule, contain synovial fluid for lubrications

Answer 116

Ball and socket. | Joint allow wide range of motion: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction

Answer 117

Joint allows all form of angular movement except axial skeletal rotation

Answer 118

Gliding | -joint permit single bony surface to slide on another, simple motion only

Answer 119

Hinge | -joint only has single forward and backward motion: flexion and extension

Answer 120

Pivot - joint allow rotation of bone - C1, C2

Answer 121

Opposing surface reciprocally concavoconvex movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Answer 122

Fibrous sac, acts as cushion to ease movement

Answer 123

Large round knob, usually fits with another bone

Answer 124

Ridge on bone

Answer 125

Hole in bone serving as passageway for vessels, nerves

Answer 126

Depression or groove in bone

Answer 127

Thick fibrous membrane covers bone surface, except articulated cartilage

Answer 128

Prominent projection on bone

Answer 129

Lubrication fluid for joints, bursae, tendons. | Make smooth movement of joints

Answer 130

Puncture performed to remove fluid for pressure pain relief or analysis

Answer 131

Procedure to view internal structure of joint, providing surgical access

Answer 132

Procedure to stabilize vertebra by remove part of it

Answer 133

Procedure performed to realign bone

Answer 134

Radiograph of bone to examine for breaks or density

Answer 135

Congenital deformity occurs when palatine bones improperly close

Answer 136

Simple, do not break skin

Answer 137

Incomplete

Answer 138

Twist break of bone

Answer 139

Open, complete break through skin

Answer 140

Bone shattered to 3 or more fragments

Answer 141

Broken ends forced into one another

Answer 142

Pain in great toe and other body joints | -condition v build u of crystallize uric acid result from high purine metabolism and other symptoms

Answer 143

Abnormal outward curvature, hunchback

Answer 144

Abnormal inward curvature of spine, swayback

Answer 145

Inflammation of joints

Answer 146

Softening and deformation of bone, cause by vitamin D deficiency - loss of calcium, phosphorus - rickets in children

Answer 147

Bone mass reduction. Bone become thin, porous, easily fracture

Answer 148

Paget disease | -abnormal weakened bone formation cause by excessive breakage of bone tissue

Answer 149

Feeling of sensation in absent, amputated limb

Answer 150

Autoimmune disease, cause painful and swelling joints,result in deformities

Answer 151

Lateral, sideward curvature

Answer 152

Inflammation of 1 or more vertebrae

Answer 153

Injury to joint (wrist, knee, ankle) result in stretch or torn ligament

Answer 154

Crooked, stiff, bent

Answer 155

Cartilages

Answer 156

Movement or motion

Answer 157

Laminate | -thin, flat plate or layer

Answer 158

Visceral - involuntary - within walls of hollow organs - contraction cause movement (peristalsis)

Answer 159

Voluntary - attach to bones - striated

Answer 160

Involuntary - walls of heart - all cells work together for rhythmic cell pulse - striated

Answer 161

Connective | -attach to muscles to periosteum of bone

Answer 162

Attach bone to bone

Answer 163

Upper arm bender or flexor

Answer 164

Upper shoulder and arm

Answer 165

Buttock | -upper outer quadrant (injection at dorsogluteal or ventrogluteal site)

Answer 166

Principal muscle in mastication

Answer 167

Upper arm | -straightener or extensor

Answer 168

Upper outer thigh (common for infant injections)

Answer 169

Broad covering sheet of fibrous connective tissue that binds muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

Answer 170

Measure joints movement and angle

Answer 171

Procedure examines range of motion | -used in physical therapy

Answer 172

Muscle wasting result from lack of use

Answer 173

Inflammation of bursa

Answer 174

Painful involuntary contraction by skeletal muscle

Answer 175

Inflammation of forearm tendons

Answer 176

Debilitating chronic condition characterized by specific or widespread muscle, bone, joint pain, fatigue and other symptoms

Answer 177

Genetic disease characterized by wasting of skeletal muscles

Answer 178

Autoimmune neuromuscular disease cause by abnormal transmission of nerve impulse, result in muscle fiber atrophy or shrinkage, inhibits normal movement, extreme muscles weakness

Answer 179

Injury of ligaments around joint are torn but not severed

Answer 180

Inflammation of tendons

Answer 181

Sac, cavity

Answer 182

Fibrous connective tissue

Answer 183

- located within pericardium - outer layer of sac: parietal pericardium - inner membrane: visceral pericardium - 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles - blood passes through hollow heart muscle

Answer 184

Wall of tissue divides heart in half vertically

Answer 185

Valve opens to allow oxygen rich blood to flow out of left ventricle into aorta, carry blood throughout body

Answer 186

Bicuspid | -close opening between left atrium and left ventricle to prevent back flow

Answer 187

Valve opens to allow poor oxygen blood to flow out of right ventricle and into pulmonary arteries -carry blood to lungs

Answer 188

Close opening between right atrium and right ventricle to prevent back flow

Answer 189

- transport blood away from heart - have thickest muscled vessel walls - rich with oxygen saturation

Answer 190

Supply blood needed for cardiac muscle to function

Answer 191

Carry oxygen rich blood from left ventricle of heart | -largest and thickest wall artery of body

Answer 192

Located on either side of neck - carries blood upward to head - common pulse site

Answer 193

Located inside elbow - carry blood from axillary artery to radial and ulnar arteries - used for blood pressure readings

Answer 194

Located on thumb side of wrist - carry blood to hands - commonly used pulse site

Answer 195

Located inner upper thigh - carry blood from inguinal ligament, branches, then terminates at popliteal artery - used for pulse site

Answer 196

Downsized arteries, have thinner walls of muscle | -connect arteries to capillaries

Answer 197

- contains many valves to prevent blood back flow - transport blood to heart - poor oxygen saturation, except pulmonary vein - pulmonary vein enters atrium on left side of heart with oxygen rich blood from lungs

Answer 198

Vein receives blood from upper (superior vena cava) and lower (inferior vena cava) branches and transport to right atrium

Answer 199

- Drain blood from forearm and hand - most common sites for venipuncture, most common is median cubical vein, 2nd cephalic, 3rd basilic - all located in antecubital fossa

Answer 200

Small, thin veins connect larger veins to capillaries

Answer 201

- 1 cell layer thick | - allow for exchange of nutrients and waste products through body

Answer 202

- type of connective tissue made of cellular components and plasma - transport waste and nutrients products from body tissue - blood cellular component consist of RBC, WBC, and platelets - plasma liquid portion - formed in red bone marrow

Answer 203

RBC - biconcave cells - no nucleus - contains hemoglobin - live 120 days, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide - average count 5 million per cubic millimeter

Answer 204

- thrombocytes, - cell fragments help blood clot - average count 200,000 per cubic millimeter

Answer 205

-5 types fight invading pathogens

Answer 206

Test is X-ray of arteries

Answer 207

Diagnostic measurement performed to determine force of blood against artery walls

Answer 208

Printed tracing of cardiac rhythm

Answer 209

Measure heart activity during physical activity

Answer 210

Measurement used by finding difference between systolic and diastolic BP readings

Answer 211

Abnormal low hemoglobin, RBC in blood stream

Answer 212

Severe chest pain cause by low oxygen supply to heart muscle | May result from stress or activity

Answer 213

Outpouching of weakened blood vessel wall, may cause trauma or may be genetic

Answer 214

Hardening, thickening, loss of elasticity in artery wall | -most common: atherosclerosis

Answer 215

Disease of arteries cause by calcium and cholesterol plaque buildup on artery wall -restrict blood flow

Answer 216

Slow cardiac rhythm, less than 60 bpm

Answer 217

Weakening of heart ability to pump blood effectively to meet body needs. Cause pulmonary edema

Answer 218

Circulation problem of arms, legs points to vascular disease | -symptoms: limp and calf pain while walking, subside at rest

Answer 219

Heart electrical conduction from sinatrial node to atrioventricular node is interrupted

Answer 220

Occur when blood has inability to coagulate properly. | Patient lacking essential clotting factors

Answer 221

High blood pressure: greater than 140/90

Answer 222

Temporary drop in blood flow to organ or tissue

Answer 223

Uncontrolled leukocyte production invades blood cell-producing bone marrow. Blood cancer

Answer 224

Sound resulting from blood flow turbulence, narrowed or deformed valve

Answer 225

Heart attack, result in lack of oxygen, some cardiac muscle necrosis occurs

Answer 226

Painful inflammation of vein, cause by venous infection, thrombosis, or intravenous fluid irritation

Answer 227

Damaged coronary valve resulting from rheumatic fever brought on by untreated streptococcal upper respiratory infection

Answer 228

Abnormal hemoglobin result in crescent shaped RBC. Readily stick to capillary walls. Hereditary. Symptoms” anemia, pain cries, extremity numbness, swelling, fainting and fatigue

Answer 229

Rapid cardiac rhythm, greater than 100 bpm

Answer 230

Blood clot formation. Piece of thrombus may break off and travel through blood vessels: embolus. embolus may lodge in lungs: pulmonary embolism. Or in brain result a stroke: cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack

Answer 231

Distended and twisted veins. Found in superficial veins of legs, cause by long periods of standing over time. May be seen as anal hemorrhoids

Answer 232

Yellowish, fatty plaque

Answer 233

Deficiency, blockage

Answer 234

Is tissue formed from plasma. | Composed of water electrolytes, metabolizing cell waste and protein

Answer 235

- WBC formed in red bone marrow - mature within spleen, liver, lymph nodes to trap and destroy microorganisms and fight against pathogens. - nongranular

Answer 236

Mature in thymus and reside in lymph tissue (spleen) and blood. Attack though cell to cell contact: phagocytosis (cell mediated immunity)

Answer 237

Mature in bone marrow and reside in lymph tissue (spleen) and blood. B cells indirectly attack by secreting antibodies (antibodies mediated immunity)

Answer 238

- pea shape clusters of lymph tissue, filter microorganism from lymph as flows through lymph tissues - large clusters location: axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes, cervical lymph nodes

Answer 239

- form an extensive network, every organ has them - lymph from right arm and right side of head drains into right lymphatic duct - lymph flows from rest of the body drains into thoracic duct

Answer 240

- largest lymphoid organ - filters blood and serves as blood reservoir - organ destroys old RBCs, has a role in erythropoiesis

Answer 241

- 3 pairs - palatine: located at opening of oral cavity, usually removed in tonsillectomy - pharyngeal (adenoids): located near opening of nasal cavity in upper pharynx, removed when interfere with breathing - lingual: located back of tongue

Answer 242

- mostly active in development of immune system during early life - produce thymosin for maturation, function of T-cell lymphocytes

Answer 243

Method used include: scratch test, patch test, intradermal test and radioallergosorbent test

Answer 244

Test profile include: hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC count

Answer 245

Screening test for HIV antibodies presence performed on venous blood and oral fluid sample -85% accurate due to cross-activity from other virus

Answer 246

Test measure coagulation factors of prothrombin and fibrinogen

Answer 247

Blood test to determine percentage of different type of leukocytes present. Change during infection, allergic response and certain disease

Answer 248

Test specific to individual viruses and is performed to confirm diagnosis when positive result from ELISA for HIV is found

Answer 249

Hypersensitive, result in inflammation may be delayed or immediate to substance not usually recognize as foreign

Answer 250

Immune system produce antibodies against its own cells. | Affect most body systems

Answer 251

Congenital or acquired: immune system is incompetent or deficient

Answer 252

Congenital | Children succumb to minor infections

Answer 253

Most advance stage of infection with HIV virus. | Characterized by significant decrease in immunity evidence by low T-cells count

Answer 254

- Autoimmune disorder. - Affects few or many organs, more woman then men - actual cause is unknown, may be drugs or bacterial infection - symptoms: body ache, weight loss, butterfly rash on face, sensitive to sunlight, nosebleed and seizures

Answer 255

Benign or malignant tumors affecting lymphoid tissue`

Answer 256

Malignancy with enlarge spleen and lymphocytes (Reed-sternberg cells) -occur in young men

Answer 257

Alll lymphomas other than Hodgkin lymphoma - may be fast or slow growing - malignancy found throughout lymph tissue - occur in older adult

Answer 258

Highly contagious viral infection -kissing disease From epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus -extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, enlarge spleen and lymph tissue

Answer 259

Enlarge spleen associated with infectious disease

Answer 260

- Oral cavity, mechanical and chemical digestion starts - act of mastication mix food with saliva to form bonus - tongue has frenulum lingual: tissue anchors tongue to mouth floor

Answer 261

- throat | - pass formed bonus to esophagus

Answer 262

-food tube between pharynx and stomach

Answer 263

Flap of tissue covers larynx (wind pipe) when swallowing, so bolus enters esophagus

Answer 264

Involuntary rhythmic movement begins at esophagus, moves first bolus then chyme through digestive tract

Answer 265

- Consist of following: esophageal sphincter, fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter - Stomach wall composed of rugae folds to allow to expand - mix food with gastric acid and digestive enzymes to form chyme - secretes gastric hormones and intrinsic factor, assists in absorbing vitamin B12

Answer 266

- most absorption of nutrients take place here, by circular folds in wall with finger like projections (viili) - longest portion: divided into 3 regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Answer 267

- largest absorbs water and stores material until eliminated | - no digestion takes place here

Answer 268

- Produce bile and cholesterol - store glycogen and vitamin B12, A, D, E, and K - detox blood and aids metabolism

Answer 269

Stores and secrete bile, aid in digestion and emulsifiers fats

Answer 270

-exocrine organ —produce pancreatic juice for digestion -endocrine gland —secrete insulin into bloodstream

Answer 271

Procedure perform to view parts of large intestine

Answer 272

Procedure use barium enema to enhance xrays of lower GI

Answer 273

Procedure use barium swallow to enhance X-ray

Answer 274

Procedure use to produce image of gallbladder and bile duct

Answer 275

No appetite, aversion to food | -especially when condition caused by disease

Answer 276

- Voluntary starvation, excessive | - false perception of body image and fear of gaining weight

Answer 277

Inflammation of appendix possible cause by blockage by feces, tumor or infection -the McBurney point: site of tenderness associated with appendicitis

Answer 278

Illness cause by toxin from clostridium botulinum usually from ingesting contaminated food

Answer 279

Gallstone - hard mineral deposit formed in gallbladder and bile ducts - painful, vomiting and mild jaundice

Answer 280

End stage of liver disease, chronic liver cell destruction

Answer 281

- Inflammation of colon | - affects only innermost lining, not deep tissues

Answer 282

Chronic autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease, usually in ileum. Penetrates every layer of tissue in affected area

Answer 283

Abnormal pouching of organ walls, usually colon

Answer 284

Dilated, inflamed, varicose veins in rectum or anus

Answer 285

Inflammation of liver: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H

Answer 286

Protrusion of organ through wall of containing cavity

Answer 287

Spastic colon. Provoked by stress, gaseous food. Characterize by bloating, constipation, diarrhea, cramping and abdominal pain

Answer 288

Lesions located in mucous membrane lining of organ

Answer 289

Abnormal growing together of two surface normally separated

Answer 290

Gas, expelled by anus

Answer 291

Process of feeding by nasogastric tube

Answer 292

Abnormal collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity

Answer 293

One part of small intestine slide into or over an adjacent part. Sometimes found in infants or young children, rare

Answer 294

Necessary for synthesis of prothrombin, and several other clotting factors -large intestine produce vitamin K

Answer 295

Twist or kink of intestine

Answer 296

Gall, bile

Answer 297

Intestine, usually small intestine

Answer 298

Abdominal cavity

Answer 299

-largest organ, covers all body

Answer 300

Outermost skin surface, made up of single cell layer (strata) - contains melanin - prevents water loss by keratin

Answer 301

Pigment gives skin its color. Produced by melanocytes

Answer 302

-True skin -middle layer contains: —blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, glands

Answer 303

-Innermost, fatty layer -contains: —adipose tissue and elastic fibers that adhere to dermis to muscle surfaces —provides body with fuel, retain heat, cushion for inner tissues

Answer 304

-dermis layer contains them

Answer 305

Produce and secrete sweat assist body temp regulation, rid of body waste

Answer 306

Located near hair follicles, secrete oily sebum to lubricate skin and hair

Answer 307

Found in ear, secrete cerumen (earwax)

Answer 308

- Mostly composed of keratin tissue - found on most body surface - center of hair shaft called medulla

Answer 309

-composed of hardened keratin (horny layer), located on tip of fingers and toes

Answer 310

Examine skin lesion, use flat glass plate held against skin

Answer 311

Method to estimate percentage of body that has been burned, more accurate that rule of 9. Takes age and body proportion into consideration

Answer 312

Quick method to estimate percentage of body has been burned. Not accurate in children

Answer 313

Performed for lesions, moles, and tissue for pathologic study

Answer 314

Procedure detect cystic fibrosis by measuring salt content of sweat

Answer 315

Florescent light used to diagnose particular skin conditions

Answer 316

Inflammation of sebaceous glands

Answer 317

Genetic condition marked by absence of melanin in skin, hair and eyes

Answer 318

Absence or loss of hair to entire body or body area

Answer 319

Inflammation of skin, cause itching and redness

Answer 320

Excessive sweating

Answer 321

Continuous or returning form of dermatitis, abnormal reaction of body immune system -cause itching, redness, cracking, oozing, blistering, or bleeding

Answer 322

Painful, blister like sores cause by virus - inadequate rest, poor nutrition, stress may increase outbreaks - simplex 1: cold sore, fever blisters on lip, mouth, face. Very contagious, spread by saliva - simplex 2: varis cause genital herpes, sexuall transmitted

Answer 323

Acute viral infection, singles - caused by dormant varicella virus reactivated later in life - painful skin eruptions follow route of inflamed nerves

Answer 324

Very contagious bacterial skin infection due to streptococcus or straphylococcus

Answer 325

Benign growth occur in scar, result of skin injury - excessive scar tissue made of collagen and fibrous tissue - scar is raised and often disfiguring

Answer 326

- freckles | - Flat skin lesion, white/brown/red

Answer 327

Raised, congenital spot on skin surface | -mole

Answer 328

Infestation of lice, usually on head

Answer 329

Itchy skin, cause by mite burring under skin

Answer 330

Condition cause skin to thicken and become rigid

Answer 331

Fungal skin infection - ringworm - grow on skin, hair and nails

Answer 332

Found of scalp of children

Answer 333

Found on genital area | -jock itch

Answer 334

Between toes | -athlete’s foot

Answer 335

Hives | -raised wheals due to allergic reaction or stress

Answer 336

Fluid filled, blister like sac on skin

Answer 337

Horny tissue, hard

Answer 338

- Lined with cilia and hair to clean air | - warms, cleans, moisturizes air

Answer 339

- Air space in bones of face - lined with ciliated mucous membranes - warms, cleans, moisturizes air

Answer 340

- Takes in extra air when needed: during exercise or nasal passage blockage - does not have any moisturizing capacity - inhaled air takes available moisture, drying mouth

Answer 341

Throat | -serve as passageway for air and food from mouth go hyoid bone

Answer 342

- consist of cartilage flap | - function as valve, covers larynx as swallow

Answer 343

-contains glottis and vocal cords, located right below epiglottis -consist of cartilage and muscle -back up for epiglottis —epiglottis moves to cover larynx, muscle of larynx squeeze shut

Answer 344

Windpipe - positioned anterior to esophagus within neck - smooth muscle reinforced with rings of cartilage - rings are c shaped with open end next to esophagus - rings prevent trachea from collapsing

Answer 345

- two primary bronchi splits off from trachea, 1 to each lung - bronchioles split off as smaller branches from bronchi

Answer 346

Air sacs at bronchiole ends -1 cell thick -exchange of gases occur —oxygen enters surrounding blood capillaries —carbon dioxide enters alveoli from surround blood capillaries —-process known as external respiration

Answer 347

Main respiratory organ - in thoracic cavity, protected by bone (sternum, ribs, vertebrae) and by intercostal and diaphragm muscle - left lung has 2 lobes - right has 3 lobes

Answer 348

Serous membrane lining lungs has surfactant to lower surface tensions

Answer 349

Cavity contains the lung

Answer 350

- Domed muscle separates thoracic and abdominal cavity - on inhalation: it contracts, create room for inflation of lungs - on exhalation: relaxes, assist lung compression

Answer 351

Tiny hair like projections located on surface of lining of trachea, bronchi, inside nostrils -filter incoming air to move mucus or particles out of respiratory tract

Answer 352

Extra air forcible exhaled after normal exhalation

Answer 353

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs and blood capillaries

Answer 354

Amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration

Answer 355

Inspiration reserve volume - maximum amount of air inspired after normal expiration - measured by breathing in and out normally, then forcibly inhaling at end of tidal volume

Answer 356

Exchange of oxygen and carbon monoxide between capillaries and tissue cells

Answer 357

Increased secretion in bronchi causing crackling breath sounds

Answer 358

Volume of air left in lungs after forced expiration

Answer 359

Volume of air inspired and expired during a normal respiration

Answer 360

Total volume of air can be in lung at one time

Answer 361

Maximum amount of air expired after maximum inspiration | -not forced

Answer 362

Squeaking, whistling breath sound cause by narrowing tracheobronchial airways -occurs in asthma, bronchitis, other respiratory disorder

Answer 363

Procedure provides an interior view of bronchial air passage

Answer 364

Radiological picture of lungs

Answer 365

Group of test is used to measure various lung capacities | -amount and rate of air taken in and released

Answer 366

Sudden onset of lung dysfunction making breathing extremely difficult especially -affects both lungs caused by trauma, sepsis, pneumonia or shock

Answer 367

Affects bronchi and bronchioles - airways become partially blocked by contraction of muscle walls - narrowed airways cause by wheezing, chest tightness, severe dyspnea - usually related to allergies, exercise or environmental agents

Answer 368

Incomplete lung expansion - absence of air in lungs and alveoli cause structure to collapse - may be caused by cancer, asthma, or pneumonia - sx: dyspnea and hypoxia

Answer 369

Inflammation of bronchi

Answer 370

Common complication of ordinary colds, usually secondary bacterial infection -sx: fever, dyspnea, sneezing, yellow-green sputum and productive cough

Answer 371

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - leads to lung damage, eventual respiratory failure and death - sx: similar to acute bronchitis, but occur over long period and several times a year

Answer 372

Combo of asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema - cause enlargement of lung alveoli - condition progressive and obstructs air exchange in bronchi, alveoli and lungs

Answer 373

Acute virus affecting larynx, trachea, and bronchi with inflammation and spasm - disease of early childhood and infants - pronounced barking cough and hoarseness

Answer 374

Abnormally thick mucus secretion clogging lungs and pancreas, result in impaired breathing -cause is genetic

Answer 375

Form of COPD, which enlargement and loss of alveoli and decrease elasticity of lungs lead to progressive loss of function - cause by smoking, previous history of smoking - sx: increase difficult, rapid, shallow breathing

Answer 376

Whooping cough - contagious bacterial infection cause inflammation in upper respiratory system - may be fatal to infants - vaccine is available

Answer 377

Inflammation of pleura cause sharp pain with each breath taken -cause maybe injury beneath pleura or influenza

Answer 378

Infection and inflammation of lung tissue - pus and other liquid present in alveoli and bronchioles make it difficult for air to reach alveoli - cause may be bacteria, fungi, virus, inhaled agents - named causative agent

Answer 379

Fluid accumulates in lungs from blood capillaries around alveoli, result from malfunction of heart - associated with CHF - sx: progressive dyspnea, nonproductive cough and cyanosis

Answer 380

Infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis cause nodule in lungs, damage to lung tissues, scarring and dyspnea - will progress if not treated and be fatal - sx: slight fever, fatigue, weight loss, unproductive cough, bloody pus filled phlegm

Answer 381

Breathe, breathing

Answer 382

Nerve cell carry nerve impulse to and from and within CNS | -working cells of nervous system

Answer 383

Holds nucleus of cell and other regular cell parts - does not have centriole, cannot reproduce - protected in brain, spinal cord and ganglion

Answer 384

Extension of cell, receives and carries signal to cell body

Answer 385

Cell part carries impulses from cell body to other neurons or body tissues

Answer 386

``` Lipid and protein -covers the axon of PNS cell -white matter on nerve cells -made of Schwann cells -gaps called nodes of Ranvier -CNS neurons do not have them, cannot be repaired —they are grey matter cells ```

Answer 387

Gap between neurons and muscle tissue is designed so impulses can travel in a single unmyelinated fibers -released neurotransmitter chemical assist or inhibits impulse transmission to cross the synapse to another cell

Answer 388

- consist of nerves and ganglia located outside CNS | - nerve consist of many neurons bundled together with blood vessels, wrap in connective tissue

Answer 389

Transmit impulses from rest of body to CNS

Answer 390

Transmit impulses from CNS to muscle and glands

Answer 391

CNS neurons bridge between sensory and motor neurons

Answer 392

Sends behavior information to and from CNS to skeletal muscle - afferent nerve: bring sensory information from different parts of body to CNS - efferent nerves: bring motor information from CNS to skeletal muscles

Answer 393

Sends behaviors information from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

Answer 394

Responsible for automatic reaction to stress -fight or flight response —heart rate increase, strength increase, bronchial tube dilate

Answer 395

Responsible for conservation/restoration of energy and elimination of waste —heart rate decrease, bronchial tube constrict

Answer 396

I | Sense of smell

Answer 397

II | Vision

Answer 398

III | Movement of eyeball, eyelids, regulate pupil size

Answer 399

IV | Movement of eyeball

Answer 400

V | Sensation in head and face, chewing

Answer 401

VI | Eyeball movement

Answer 402

VII | Taste, facial expression, secretion of tears and saliva

Answer 403

VIII | Hearing and balance

Answer 404

IX | Taste, swallowing, secretion of saliva

Answer 405

X | Sensation in larynx, trachea, heart, stomach and other organs. Organ movements

Answer 406

XI | Movement of shoulders and head

Answer 407

XII | Tongue movement

Answer 408

31 pairs of spinal nerves | -extend from spinal cord, named for originating vertebrae

Answer 409

C1-C5 Nerve supply skin and muscles of neck -major nerve emerging from plexus: phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm)

Answer 410

C5-C8, T1 | Supply skin and muscle of shoulder, arms, forearm, wrist and hand

Answer 411

T12, L1-L5, S1 to end Supply skin and muscle of external genitalia, buttocks, lower ab wall, lower extremities -major nerve emerging: sciatic nerve

Answer 412

Encephalon - weigh 3 lbs - divide into 4 major areas: cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum - protected by skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 413

-left and right hemispheres -control center for sensory, motor and intellectual functions -covered with cerebral cortex of gray matter 2-4 mm thick arrange in folds -bulk composed of white matter -contain 10-14 billions neurons and synapses -2 halves not completely separate —fissure between is bridged in center by band of white fibers: corpus callosum , serve as communication between sides -left hemisphere for logic, complex mathematic, and language -right hemisphere for creativity, music and art appreciation -each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Answer 414

Controls speech and voluntary muscle movement

Answer 415

Process sensory information from skin and control depth perception, size, and shape

Answer 416

Controls interpretation of sound and smell, personality, behavior, emotion and memory

Answer 417

Interpret visual information

Answer 418

- compose of gray matter - contains thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland - link between decision are made and body, which carries out those division

Answer 419

- located below cerebral hemisphere, attached to posterior brain stem - little brain - maintain muscle tone, balance, posture and fine motor movements

Answer 420

Hindbrain | -consist of 3 parts: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Answer 421

Lowest part, channel communication between spinal cord and brain

Answer 422

Help regulate breathing

Answer 423

Nerve tissue connects the pons to lower part of cerebrum | -vision and hearing reflexes located here

Answer 424

- made up of gray and white matter - serves as pathway for impulses to travel to and from brain - begins at medulla oblongata and extends to 2nd lumbar vertebra - protected by skull and vertebrae - enclosed in meninges: dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater

Answer 425

Meninges | Outermost layer

Answer 426

Meninges, lacy spiderweb

Answer 427

Innermost layer of meninges

Answer 428

Made in ventricle of brain by masses of capillaries - fluid in subarachnoid space: between arachnoid and pia mater - is clear, colorless and watery - functions to make meninges into fluid-filled cushion

Answer 429

Mechanics of capillary walls of brain regulates materials in bloodstream are permitted to enter brain -chemical excesses or deficiencies cause arteries to dilate or constricted until a balance is restored

Answer 430

- just below thalamus - regulates emotional responses, body temp, hunger sensation, thirst sensation, sleep-wakefulness cycle, pituitary and endocrine system actions, autonomic nervous system: heart rate, by, respiratory rate and digestive action

Answer 431

Part of endocrine system -produce and secrete melatonin -inactive during day, activates when darkness occurs —control sleep-wake cycle

Answer 432

Networks | -spinal nerve fibers converge to form networks in PNS

Answer 433

- below cerebrum | - process impulse relayed to and from cerebrum and sense organ

Answer 434

Imaging procedure use a contras medium to view blood vessels of brain

Answer 435

Image procedure use series of X-ray to create cross-sectional 3D picture

Answer 436

Test measure electrical activity of brain

Answer 437

Extracts CSF below L3-L4 obtain RBC and WBC counts

Answer 438

Use magnetic field and radio waves, gives pictures of brain soft tissue

Answer 439

Uses radiopaque medium and X-ray to view interior of spinal cord

Answer 440

Test performed to evaluate motor neurons functions

Answer 441

Skull and spine | -radiograph imaging used to diagnose injuries, tumors, spondylitis of vertebrae

Answer 442

Frontal and temporal look nerve cells die, degenerative, dementia like disease impairs physical abilities, lessens intellect, result in gradual total memory loss

Answer 443

Infection cause 1 sided facial paralysis Affect cranial nerve VII Caused by herpes simplex reactivation, most often resolves in 2 weeks to 2 months

Answer 444

Pressure on wrist median nerve cause pain, numbness | -cause by repetitive motion over time

Answer 445

Brain damage occur in utero or birth, cause mental retardation, seizure, spastic moves

Answer 446

Stroke - sudden loss of neurological function cause by brain circulation block or vessel rupture - loss of function depends on location of brain damage

Answer 447

Condition of periodic seizures cause by malfunction of electrical activity of brain

Answer 448

Excess CSF in brain cause elevated intracranial pressure and tissue death

Answer 449

Viral or bacteria infection of meninges covering of brain

Answer 450

Progressive, debilitating disease cause by gaps in white matter myelin sheath -produce increasing weakness, tremors, and vision problems

Answer 451

Debilitating disease cause by abnormal low supply of dopamine -increase in body tremors, involuntary movement and loss of balance

Answer 452

Inflammation of sciatic nerve - sx: sharp pain alone nerve and branches - pain regulates from butt to hip and thigh area

Answer 453

Sudden loss of specific neurological function, full recovery expected 24 hours - serve as a warning of possible upcoming stroke - cause by embolus to brain, that is resolved by body circulatory system

Answer 454

Sudden surge of electrical brain activity commonly referred to electrical storm -has effect on behavior, and overall feeling for short time

Answer 455

Seizure occurs in childhood | -has mental shutdown for 30 seconds

Answer 456

- occur at any age - falls down unconscious, goes rigid, twitches or jerks rhythmically, slowly regains consciousness - followed by deep sleep or confusion - may be preceded as aura or warning

Answer 457

Begin with uncontrollable twitching in single part of body, spreads surrounding structures and eventually full body -patient conscious

Answer 458

After brief aura, patient suddenly acts out of character for few minutes -unconscious chewing motion may occur

Answer 459

Cerebellum

Answer 460

Nerve root

Answer 461

Sensation, sensitivity, feeling

Answer 462

Gray matter

Answer 463

- growth hormone - prolactin - thyroid-stimulating hormone - adrenocorticotropic hormone - follicle stimulating hormone - luteinizing hormone

Answer 464

Anterior pituitary - target: bone, muscle, soft tissue - function: stimulate tissue growth, decrease glucose

Answer 465

anterior pituitary gland Target: mammary gland (breast) Function: initiate milk production, promote milk gland production

Answer 466

Anterior pituitary gland - target: thyroid gland - function: growth, development, thyroid activity as metabolism regulator

Answer 467

Anterior pituitary Target: adrenal gland (cortex) Function: maintenance of gland, stimulate secretion of cortisol

Answer 468

Anterior pituitary - target: overian follicles, seminiferous tubule in testes - function: women: stimulate development of ova and ovulation. Men: stimulate development and function of testes, production of sperm

Answer 469

Anterior pituitary gland - target: overlies, testes—cell of Leydig - function: development of corpus luteinizing, progesterone secretion, developer cell to make testosterone, stimulate secretion of testosterone

Answer 470

- Antidiuretic hormone | - oxytocin

Answer 471

Posterior pituitary ADH, vasopressin -target: kidney -function: regulates water reabsorption within nephrons, determine urine concentration and volume

Answer 472

Posterior pituitary - target: uterus, breast - function: stimulates birth contractions and cause milk ejection

Answer 473

- Thyroxine (t4) - triiodothyronine (t3) - calcitonin

Answer 474

T4 Thyroid gland -target: tissue cells -function: increases metabolic rate

Answer 475

Thyroid gland T3 -target: tissue cells -function: increase metabolic rate

Answer 476

Thyroid gland - target: bone - function: inhibits bone loss, lower blood calcium concentration

Answer 477

-parathyroid hormone

Answer 478

Parathyroid gland Parathormone -target: intestine, bones -function: increase absorption of calcium into bloodstream, raises excretion of phosphates in urine

Answer 479

- cortisol - aldosterone - androgens

Answer 480

Adrenal cortex gland ACTH -target: all cell except liver cells -function: increase breakdown of protein into amino acids, breakdown of fat, assist in stress, raise blood glucose

Answer 481

- adrenal cortex gland - target: kidney - function: regulate blood pH, stimulates reabsorption of sodium in nephrons

Answer 482

Andrenal cortex - target: gonads - function: stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics (especially females)

Answer 483

- epinephrine | - norepinephrine

Answer 484

Adrenal medulla - adrenaline - target: smooth and cardiac muscle, blood vessels, liver cells - function: raise heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels

Answer 485

Adrenal medulla - target: smooth, cardiac, striated muscles - function: constrict blood vessels, raise blood pressure, reinforces sympathetic nervous system

Answer 486

- Glucagon | - insulin

Answer 487

Pancreas gland - target: liver cells, fat cells - function: promotes release of glucose into blood

Answer 488

Pancreas gland - target: all cells except brain - function: promote use and storage of glucose in cells

Answer 489

Pineal gland - target: pituitary, gonads - function: regulate sexual development, timing of puberty

Answer 490

Thymus gland - target: immune system - function: stimulates T-cells production

Answer 491

Teste - target: sperm cells - function: stimulates sperm production, secondary sex characteristics

Answer 492

Ovaries - target: breast, uterus - function: stimulate breast growth, uterus, secondary sex characteristics

Answer 493

Ovaries - target: uterine lining - function: prepare uterus for pregnancy

Answer 494

- Regulates pituitary gland | - secretion control hormones secreted by pituitary

Answer 495

Sum total of all chemical processes take place in living organism

Answer 496

Referred to as master gland

Answer 497

Hormone-like substance either pharmaceuticals produced or secreted by endocrine to relief inflammation due to allergic reaction, asthma, other condition

Answer 498

- Male testosterone related - used to increase muscle mass and strength - mental side effects: violence, mood swings - physical side effects: breast development in men, testicular shrinkage, changes in body chemistry, liver damage

Answer 499

Set of symptoms run occur together

Answer 500

Radiographic image of hip bone | -measure degree of calcium loss`

Answer 501

Cross-sectional radiographic scan | -cause of gland enlargement or loss of hormone production

Answer 502

Procedure determine patient normal blood glucose level

Answer 503

Timed test find effective rate of glucose absorption into cells -performed during pregnancy check for gestational diabetes

Answer 504

Done by administering pharmaceutical radioactive iodine - rates thyroid activity for metabolic regulation - information about size, shape, location of any abnormalities

Answer 505

Test for concentration, level of glucose, calcium, steroid, vitamin K and other substance

Answer 506

Abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism | -uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Answer 507

Abnormally high level of growth hormone in adults | -due to pituitary gland tumor

Answer 508

Caused by slowly destroyed adrenal cortex, lowering of adrenocorticotropic hormone -result in weight loss, nausea, abdominal pain, bronzed skin, hypotension

Answer 509

Congenital condition of hypothyroidism in infants and children -result in abnormally developed brain

Answer 510

Caused by long-term exposure high levels of ACTH or adrenal gland tumor -moon face, thin limbs, obese torso

Answer 511

Low level of antidiuretic hormone | -result in polydipsia, polyurethaning, dehydration, dry skin

Answer 512

Metabolic disorder | -deficient insulin production in pancreas, increased cell resistance to insulin

Answer 513

- Little or no insulin production - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - onset before age 30 years - hereditary, result form viral infection

Answer 514

- Insulin resistant - non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - adult onset - result from obesity, pregnancy - most common type

Answer 515

Swollen neck due to enlarge thyroid | -result in iodine deficiency, condition cause under active or overactive thyroid

Answer 516

Form of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) - caused by destruction of thyroid gland - evidence of high metabolic rate, exophthalmia and anxiety

Answer 517

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis - thyroid cells destroyed by body owns antibodies - autoimmune - condition of hypothyroidism

Answer 518

Overproduction, secretion of thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate -result in weight loss, sweating, nervousness

Answer 519

Under active thyroid - cause deficiency in hormone secretion - result in decrease metabolic rate, fatigue, depression, cold sensitivity

Answer 520

Severe type of hypothyroidism - more common in women over 50 - cause obesity, thyroid removal, radiation to neck area - sx: fatigue, abnormal low temp, hair loss, swelling: face, hands, feet

Answer 521

Muscle spasm, convulsion - result from hypoparathyroidism - disorder result low calcium levels in body

Answer 522

Depressive mood disorder during winter months | -possible linked to increase melatonin production

Answer 523

Extremities, height

Answer 524

- enters kidney by renal artery - waste products are removed as circulates in nephrons within kidney - per minute: heart pumps 1/5 (1200 mL) of body blood supply to kidney

Answer 525

- located between 12T and 3L vertebrae, behind abdominal cavity - secrete erythropoietin: acts to stimulate production of RBC - bean shape - center of kidney concave side: hilus, renal artery enter here, ureter and renal vein exit here

Answer 526

Concave side of kidney | -renal artery enters here, ureter and renal vein exits here

Answer 527

Outer portion of kidney

Answer 528

Inner portion of kidney - contain 12 renal pyramid - each pyramid connects with calyx (duct), joins renal pelvis (urine reservoir)

Answer 529

Collects produced urine, delivers to bladder

Answer 530

Kidney function units - 3 functions: filtration, reabsorption and secretion - about 1.25 millions per kidney - each surrounded by blood capillaries

Answer 531

Blood enters nephron here

Answer 532

Blood filtration takes place here

Answer 533

Reabsorption begins | -concentration or chemical content of urine is determine

Answer 534

Urine formation continues

Answer 535

Last area of urine formation

Answer 536

- Urine formation is completed - urine passes to pyramids - glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into blood from nephron tubules: if excess in blood, renal threshold occurs, become part of urine content

Answer 537

Slender tube extend from kidney hilus to lower surface of bladder -urine propelled through ureters by peristalsis, flow through mucous flap into bladder

Answer 538

- Hollow organ, reservoir of urine - has mucus membrane lining of rugae cells: allow to stretch - empty bladder is size of walnut - 150-250 mL stimulate mictuiration (void of urine) - urine exits bladder: internal sphincter, located urethra connects to bladder

Answer 539

- Convey urine out of body - 4 cm long in woman, 20 cm long in men - in women: leads directly from bladder to urinary meatus - in males: urethra passes through prostate before exiting urinary meatus - has external sphincter (voluntary) signal urge to void

Answer 540

Occurrence of certain substance found in urine, as a result of excessive amount found in blood -normally reabsorbed into blood from nephron tubules

Answer 541

Pigment give urine its color | -ranges from straw to amber yellow depend on liquid consumed, disease and medication

Answer 542

Artificial filtration of waste material from circulating blood

Answer 543

Xray use dye to evaluate structure and function of kidney

Answer 544

Lab analysis of urine checks physical properties, specific gravity, basic chemistry

Answer 545

Identify any pathogen causing problem - clean catch midstream specimen required - incubated for 24 hours, bacteria developed identified and counted - antibiotic are tested

Answer 546

Removes or introduce fluid by inserting sterile tube through urethra, into bladder

Answer 547

Bladder inflammation due to bacterial infection | -e. Coli

Answer 548

Inflammation of glomeruli within kidney nephrons affect filtration and reabsorption - loses ability to be selectively permeable - occur as complication of streptococcal infection, renal disease, immune disorder or bacterial infection - sx: drowsiness, coma, seizure, nausea, anemia, high blood

Answer 549

Electrolyte balance disorder | -cause by high potassium levels

Answer 550

Multiple cyst produced in kidney tubules | -lead to kidney failure

Answer 551

Bacterial infection affect renal pelvis - acute form: due to bladder infection move up ureters to kidney - chronic form: repeated undetected urinary tract infection, periodically affect kidney - kidney become less efficient, waste product accumulate in body - kidney or bladder stone can be source of infection - sx: fatigue, frequent urination, itchy skin, nausea

Answer 552

Kidney stones of calcium, may block urinary flow | -more common in men

Answer 553

Gradual loss of renal function cause by repeated infection or other disease -acute or chronic

Answer 554

Inability to maintain control of urination

Answer 555

Forms outside of kidney and metastasize in blood stream, to liver, sometimes to brain. - usually occur in children less than 5 years - highest survival rate of all childhood cancer - sx: weight loss, anorexia, vomiting, blood in urine

Answer 556

Urea, nitrogen

Answer 557

Bladder, sac

Answer 558

Stone, calculus

Answer 559

Scant, few

Answer 560

Renal pelvis

Answer 561

2 glands manufacture ova and secrete estrogen, progesterone

Answer 562

- Tube curl around top of each ovary, connect top corners of uterus transport ova to uterus - fertilization by sperm occur here

Answer 563

- Hallow, muscular organ - contains and nourishes developing embryo and fetus - top called fundus - upper 2/3 uterus - lower 1/3 cervix - inner wall: endometrium

Answer 564

- Muscular tube leads from uterus to outside of body - inner layer: rugae cell for expansion - surround partially covered by thin membrane: hymen - function: lower end of birth canal, receive male organ and sperm - passageway to outside for menstrual flow

Answer 565

External genitals

Answer 566

Fatty tissue over pubic bone

Answer 567

Vulval lips - 2 fold of gskin tissue, enclose and protect uethral and vaginal opening - have hair on outside

Answer 568

Erectile tissue, covered by prepuce

Answer 569

Urethral, vaginal glands | Secrete mucus and lubricating fluid

Answer 570

Mammary glands produce milk

Answer 571

Testes suspended in sac of loose skin (scrotum) - before birth testes move from ab cavity to scrotum - testes make sperm

Answer 572

Tightly coiled tube, attached to side of each testis - sperm mature and store here - one end connects to testes, other end leads into vas deferens

Answer 573

Tube move the sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicle

Answer 574

Gland secrete fructose-rich fluid | -fluid mix with sperm passing through vas deferens

Answer 575

Merging vas deferens and seminal vesicles | -duct pass through middle of prostate, joins the urethra

Answer 576

Donut like shape encircles ejaculatory duct - secrete thin alkaline fluid added to semen, makes up 60% - fluid protect sperm from acid as passes through urethra

Answer 577

Gland secrete alkaline fluid makes up 5% of semen

Answer 578

Urethra: 20 cm tube, extends from ejaculatory duct to tip of penis Penis: organ for copulation and urination -contains erectile tissue, become engorged with blood, stiffens when stimulated -erection enable entry to female vagina -penis glans is penis tip, slightly wider than rest -prepuce (foreskin) extend over glan

Answer 579

Initial test assess health of newborn | -five signs are checked and scored: heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, reflex irritability and color

Answer 580

Uncoordinated and irregular contractions | -occur frequently last month, sometimes earlier before labor

Answer 581

Thickening of vagina, development of purplish color (vagina and cervix)

Answer 582

Fertilized egg through 8 weeks of development

Answer 583

Finger like projection on Fallopian tube, produce pulling action on ovum to draw into tubes after rupturing from ovary

Answer 584

Period of pregnancy from fertilization to birth

Answer 585

Softening of cervix 5-6 weeks after fertilization

Answer 586

Initial onset of female menses | -age 9-15 years old

Answer 587

Cessation of menstruation | -48-50 years old

Answer 588

Menses - shedding of endometrial lining due to non pregnancy - approx every 28 days

Answer 589

Process describing 1 cell begin to multiply through division

Answer 590

Formula calculate estimated date of confinement, estimated date of delivery

Answer 591

Area of macule locate between anus and external genitals | -provide support for internal organs

Answer 592

Process of labor and delivery

Answer 593

Spongy structure on uterine wall during pregnancy, joined to fetus by umbilical cord - exchange waste, nutrients and oxygen - temp endocrine gland, secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin early in pregnancy

Answer 594

Women initial awareness of movement of fetus | -occur between 18-20 weeks of pregnancy

Answer 595

Potent - toxic substance able to cross placental membrane and harm embryo - monster producing

Answer 596

Fertilized egg cell produced when sperm head unites with nucleus of ovum

Answer 597

Needle insert into amniotic sac to remove fluid for analysis

Answer 598

Surgical removal of fetus | -during delivery process difficult and hazardous, pose high risk for mother and fetus

Answer 599

Visual exam by colposcope of vagina wall and cervix for abnormal cells

Answer 600

Dilates cervix, scrape wall of uterus to remove tissue

Answer 601

Clean surgical cut perineum done during labor - muscle great deal of stress during delivery - to prevent irregular or deep tearing

Answer 602

Removal of uterus, | -Fallopian tube, ovaries may be removed same time

Answer 603

Xray of breast

Answer 604

Sterilization accomplish by severing, knotting or blocking Fallopian tubes

Answer 605

Papanicolaou test | -takes cell scraping of cervix and vagina test for abnormal cell growth

Answer 606

Surgical removal of foreskin of penis

Answer 607

Measure blood level of PSA protein release by prostate | -to indicate prostate cancer

Answer 608

Removal or knotting of vas deferens for sterilization

Answer 609

Outpouching of bladder, protrudes into vagina, may cause urinary urgency

Answer 610

Toxemia of pregnancy Condition cause elevated BP, edema, protein in urine -if left untreated, cause death

Answer 611

Require surgery, fetus implanted outside uterus

Answer 612

Presence of endometrial tissue outside uterus | Cause pain, cysts, tumors

Answer 613

Widespread bacterial infection of reproductive organs

Answer 614

Placenta attach to lower uterine wall, partially or fully block birth canal

Answer 615

Characterized by symptoms of anxiety, bloating, irritability, headache and depression

Answer 616

-mild or severe mental retardation of individual born with extra chromosome (number 21)

Answer 617

Birth defect -facial deformities, mental and neurologic developed damage cause by alcohol consumption during embryonic period of pregnancy

Answer 618

Excess accumulation of phenylalanine occur when defective enzyme cannot metabolize substance -can cause brain damage

Answer 619

Occur when autonomic respiratory system stops

Answer 620

Birth defect expose spinal column, usually lumbar region

Answer 621

Enlargement of prostate, common in men over 50

Answer 622

Failure of testes to descend into scrotum before birth

Answer 623

Inflammation of epididymis, cause pain during urination, pain and swelling of scrotum

Answer 624

Accumulation of fluid within teste

Answer 625

Advance stage of infection of HIV virus - decrease in immunity - cure does not exist

Answer 626

Genitourinary infection cause by chlamydia trachomatis - most common sexual transmitted disease - can cause women to develop PID

Answer 627

Wart growth locate on external genitalia, cause cervical cancer

Answer 628

Genital mucous membrane inflammation produce from exposure to neisseria gonorrhoeae

Answer 629

Viral infection - painful fluid filled vesicles on genitals - can cause female cervical cancer

Answer 630

Multistage genitourinary infection by treponema pallidum | -1st stage: lesion (chancres) any organ and body part

Answer 631

Genitourinary parasitic infection (trichomonas vaginalis), can result in vaginitis

Answer 632

1st, beginning

Answer 633

Cul-de-sac

Answer 634

Menstruation

Answer 635

Fallopian tubes

Answer 636

Glans penis

Answer 637

Epididymis

Answer 638

Vessel, duct

Answer 639

receptors for taste: on tongue and soft palate. | papillae: raised area on tongue detects 4 taste- sweet, salt, sour and bitter

Answer 640

smell receptors used in tasting, odor detection located in mucous lining of upper part of nose

Answer 641

- receptors for vision in retina - eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and tears: protective structors clean and moisturize eye - lacrimal gland: secrete tears and located outside upper edge of each eye

Answer 642

outer layer of eye | -white of the eye

Answer 643

outer layer of eye, windows | -transparent structure in front of eye help focus light to enter

Answer 644

second layer of eye - pigmented layer of muscles behind cornea - in front of lens enables more or less light to enter in opening in center: known as pupil

Answer 645

third layer of eye - lines interior of eyeball - made up of rods: detect gray tones - cones: light and color - greater concentration at back of eye interior

Answer 646

interior of eye - located behind cornea and iris - enables eye to focus: process called accommodation

Answer 647

interior of eye - jelly-like substance fills chamber behind lens - function: maintain shape of eye and support retina

Answer 648

external auditory canal extends from pinna outward, inward, forward, downward into interior of skull to eardrum

Answer 649

auricle | -skin and cartilage make shape of outer ear

Answer 650

auditory membrane vibrates as sound waves hit it

Answer 651

tympanic cavity, connected to nasopharynx by eustachian tube

Answer 652

ossicles - in middle ear - bones move and pass vibration from middle to inner ear

Answer 653

small chamber containing receptors for balance and position sense

Answer 654

canals also contain receptors for balance and position sense

Answer 655

stapes communicate with cochlea - spiral shaped - contains fluid sac and tubes, has neural cells for hearing - sound waves start fluid moving within here, so hairs bend to carry nerve impulse to acoustic nerve, then to temporal lobe to interpret sound

Answer 656

action of eye lens to change shape to bend light to focus it on retina - allow eye to adjust for differences in light due to distance - lens become convex or concave - greater the bulge, more light enters

Answer 657

optic disk | -region where optic nerve leaves eyeball, which does not contain rods and cones

Answer 658

auditory tube - begins in middle ear cavity within temporal bone - area full of air - connected to nasopharynx - tube normally flatten and closed - opens with yawning or swallowing - purpose to equalize pressure on both side of tympanic membrane

Answer 659

test emits measured sounds to evaluate hearing

Answer 660

measure electrical activity in cochlea in response to sound to determine cochlea's fluid pressure

Answer 661

checks for necessary visual correction or glasses

Answer 662

intraocular pressure test check for glaucoma

Answer 663

known as snellen eye chart to measure distance vision, near vision, color vision using Ishihara methods for evaluation

Answer 664

lazy eye - occurs when eye is not used - may be result of misalignment by muscles that control eye movement - eye gets progressively weaker, resulting in blurred vision - eye appearing to turn inward or outward

Answer 665

uneven curvature of cornea result in vision distortion

Answer 666

cloudiness of eye lens result in vision degeneration, from aging

Answer 667

inability to distinguish certain colors - most common: red from green - absense or deficiency of single type of cone - red-green blindness more common in males - present at birth, inherited

Answer 668

pink eye - allergic reaction, bacteria or viral infection cause blood vessels to inflame - turns eye white red/pink - sx: itchy eye, swollen eyelids, watery or sticky discharge

Answer 669

abnormal bulging of eye out of orbits, caused by hyperthyroidism

Answer 670

abnormally high pressure on optic nerve | -can cause blindness due to oxygen cannot reach rods and cones

Answer 671

farsightedness - result eye is too short from front to back - light entering eye is focused behind the retina

Answer 672

inflammation of iris tissue - cells from tissue may begin to flake off, float in aqueous humor - -interfere with vision - becomes red and painful - untreated, may cause acute glaucoma

Answer 673

progressive deterioration of macula cause loss of central vision - occurs due to retina no longer receives adequate blood supply - most common vision loss in US

Answer 674

increase of fluid in semicircular canal of ear | -result in sx of vertigo, nausea, progress hearing loss, tinnitus

Answer 675

nearsightedness - eye globe is too long from cornea to retina - light entering eye is focused in front of retina

Answer 676

result from lack of vitamin A

Answer 677

inflammation or infection of external ear canal - swimmers ear - most common cause bacterial infection

Answer 678

common middle ear infection in infants - start at throat, travels up eustachian tube - result of upper respiratory infection

Answer 679

abnormal bone growth, immobilization of stapes leads to conductive hearing loss - may be genetic - more common in females

Answer 680

hardening of eye lens result in loss of lens flexibility - from aging - seeing object up close becomes more difficult

Answer 681

crossed eyed - poor alignment of eye muscles - eye do not focus together - 1 or both eyes turn inward or outward - sx: blurred vision, poor depth perception

Answer 682

eyelash follicle infection. Painful, red swelling develop in white center and bursts

Answer 683

tear, tear duct

Answer 684

tension, pressure

Answer 685

tympanic membrane

Answer 686

eardrum, middle ear

Answer 687

WBC formed in red bone marrow | -mature within spleen, liver, and lymph node to trap and destroy microorganisms and fight against pathogens

Answer 688

Mature in thymus, reside in lymph tissue (spleen) and blood | -attack cell to cell contact: phagocytosis (cell-mediated immunity)

Answer 689

Mature in bone marrow, reside in lymph tissue (spleen) and blood -indirectly attack by secreting antibodies (antibody-mediated immunity)

Answer 690

Pea-shaped cluster of lymph tissue, filter microorganisms from lymph as it flows through lymph vessels -large cluster location: axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes and cervical lymph nodes

Answer 691

- extensive network, every body organ has them - lymph from right arm and right side of head drains to right lymphatic duct - lymph from rest of body drains into thoracic duct

Answer 692

- Largest lymphoid organ - filters blood and serves as blood reservoir - organ destroys old RBC, has role in eryhtropoiesis

Answer 693

3 pairs: - palatine: located opening of oral cavity, removed in tonsillectomy - pharyngeal (adenoids): located near opening of nasal cavity in upper pharynx, remove when interfere with breathing - lingual: located back of tongue

Answer 694

Mostly active in development of immune system during early life -produce thymosin for maturation, function of T-cell lymphocyte

Answer 695

Scratch test, patch test, intradermal test, radioallergosorbent test

Answer 696

Test profile: hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC count

Answer 697

ELISA - test for HIV antibodies presence by venous blood, oral fluid sample - 85% accurate due to cross-activity from other viruses

Answer 698

Test measure coagulation factors of prothrombin and fibronogen

Answer 699

Blood test determine percentage of different type of leukocyte present during infection, allergies, certain disease

Answer 700

Test specific to individual virus, perform to confirm diagnosis when positive ELISA for HIV found

Answer 701

Hypersensitive, result in inflammation may be delayed or immediate, to substance not usually recognize as foreign

Answer 702

Immune system produce antibodies against own cells | -affects most body systems

Answer 703

Congenital or acquired, immune system deficient or incompetent

Answer 704

Congenital. Children succumb to minor infections

Answer 705

Most advance stage of infection with HIV virus | -significantly decrease immunity evidence by low T-cells

Answer 706

Autoimmune disorder, known as lupus - affect few or many organs systems - more women than men - actual cause unknown - sx: body ache, weight loss, butterfly rash on face, sensitive to sunlight, nosebleed, seizures

Answer 707

Benign or malignant tumors, affect lymphoid tissue

Answer 708

-malignant with enlarge spleen, lymphocyte known as reed-stern berg cells, occur in young men

Answer 709

All lymphoma other than Hodgkin lymphoma - may be fast or slow growing - malignant found throughout lymph tissue - occur in older adults

Answer 710

Mono - highly contagious viral infection, kissing disease - from Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus - character by extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, enlarge spleen and lymph tissue

Answer 711

Enlarge spleen associated with infectious disease

Answer 712

Facial | Upper jaw

Answer 713

Facial bone | Arch of cheek, high portion (cheek bone)

Answer 714

Facial | -upper part of nose bridge

Answer 715

Facial | -hard palate of mouth, floor of nose

Answer 716

1st section of small intestine - 10 inch long - bile from gallbladder and pancreatic juice - most digestion, absorption happen here

Answer 717

2nd section of small intestine - 8 inch long - some digestion, absorption

Answer 718

Last section of small intestine | -12 feet long

Answer 719

Of stomach: prevent food backing up into esophagus

Answer 720

Of stomach: upper portion

Answer 721

Middle portion

Answer 722

Of stomach: lower end

Answer 723

Of stomach: regulates rate which partially digested food enters duodenum

Answer 724

Of large intestine: blind pouch - ileum ends, colon begins - lower part of appendix

Answer 725

Large intestine -waste forms, move through by peristalsis —ascending: right side of ab —transverse: middle portion —descending: left side of abdomen —sigmoid: S shape, connects colon to rectum

Answer 726

Connect sigmoid to anus

Answer 727

Final portion of digestive trace | -feces are excreted here

Answer 728

Superficial burn - just epidermis - very little edema

Answer 729

- partial thickness burn - involve epidermis, part of dermis - blistering, edema occurs

Answer 730

- located in basal cell layer | - usually found on fair skin individuals

Answer 731

- involve squamous cell layer | - metastasize more quickly

Answer 732

Skin cancer - most serious type - occur in melanocytes - begin with change in mole - metastasize quickly

Answer 733

Produce by body production of antibodies after exposure to disease causing organism

Answer 734

- Acquired from immunization composed of dead/weakened organism - inactivated toxin - recombinant DNA - body produce antibodies to become immune

Answer 735

- Maternal antibodies produced outside of body - passed on while breastfeeding - in uterus

Answer 736

-acquired from immunization composed of antibodies/globulins to fight specific disease-causing organism readily, if exposed

Answer 737

Locate at opening of oral cavity | -usually removed in tonsillectomy

Answer 738

Adenoids - located opening of nasal cavity in upper pharynx - pair removed if interfere with breathing

Answer 739

Located at back of tongue

Answer 740

cranium | -Forehead, eye sockets

Answer 741

Cranium | -side around ear, lower jaw

Answer 742

Cranium | -side above temporal, top of head

Answer 743

Cranium | -back of head, skull base

Answer 744

Cranium | -between nasal cavity, orbits

Answer 745

Cranium | -support nasal cavity

Answer 746

Facial bone | Lower jaw

Answer 747

- full thickness burn - involves all 3 layers - pale, charred appearance with edema

Answer 748

Skin cancer

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

(899 cards)