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Year 4 OBGYN > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the Breasts

A
  • Lateral Sternal Border to Mid Axillary Line
  • Superficial to Pectoralis Major and Serratus Anterior
  • Nipple surrounded by areolea (containing sebaceous glands)
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2
Q

What are Mammary Glands?

A

Modified sweat glands

Series of 15-20 ducts/secretory lobules

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3
Q

What is the role of Cooper’s Ligaments of the Breast?

A

Attaches and secures to dermis/pectoral fascia

Separates secretory lobules

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4
Q

State the blood supply of the Breast

A

Internal Thoracic Artery
Lateral Thoracic
Thoracoacromial

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5
Q

State three roles of the vulva

A

Sensory tissue during Sexual Intercourse
Assists in Micturition
Protects internal female organs from infection

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6
Q

What is the Mons Pubis

A

Anterior fat pad (to pubic symphysis) formed by fusion of labia majora

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7
Q

What are the Labia Majora?

A

Hair bearing external skin folds
Cover perineal body
Embryologically derived from labioscrotal swellings

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8
Q

What are the Labia Minora?

A

Hairless folds lying within the Labia Majora
Fuse anteriorly to form clitoral hood, and posteriorly to form fourchette
Derived from Urethral Folds

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9
Q

What is the Vestibule?

A

Area containing openings of urethra and vagina

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10
Q

What are Bartholin’s Glands?

A

Secrete lubricating mucous from small ducts either side of vaginal orifice in sexual intercourse

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11
Q

What is the Clitoris?

A

Formed of Erectile Corpus Cavernosa Tissue
Becomes engorged in stimulation
Derived from Genital Tubercle

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12
Q

Describe the arterial supply and lymphatic drainage of the Vulva

A

Pudendal Artery

Superficial Inguinal

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13
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the Vulva

A

Anterior - Ilioinguinal, Genital Branch of Genitofemoral

Posterior - Pudendal, Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh

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14
Q

Describe the anatomical structure of the Vagina

A

Fibromuscular tube, normally collapsed with walls in contact with one and other

At upper end surrounds cervix, forming anterior and posterior fornix

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15
Q

Describe two clinical relevances of the Posterior Fornix

A
  • Where a high vaginal swab should be taken from

- A reservoir for sperm, allowing it to liquify for easier cervical penetration

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16
Q

Describe the four histological layers of Vagina

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Elastic Lamina Propria
Fibromuscular Layer (Inner Circular, Outer Longitudinal)
Adventitia

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17
Q

Describe the arterial supply of Vagina

A

Internal Iliac

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18
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of Vagina

A

Superior - External Iliac Nodes
Middle - Internal Iliac Nodes
Inferior - Superficial Inguinal Nodes

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19
Q

What is the Ectocervix?

A

Portion of the cervix extending into the Vagina

Opening is called External Os

Histologically Stratified Squamous Non Keratinised

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20
Q

What is the Endocervix?

A

AKA Endocervical Canal
Mucous Secreting Simple Columnar
Enters Uterine Cavity via Internal Os

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21
Q

Give two roles of the Cervix

A

Allows passage of Sperm

Maintains sterility of Upper Genital Tract (Narrow Os, Frequent Shedding, Thick Mucous)

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22
Q

Describe the normal position of the Uterus

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A

Normally Antiverted and Antiflexed

Varies with bladder distension

23
Q

What is the relevance of a Retroverted Uterus?

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A

More vertical above Vagina therefore more likely to prolapse

24
Q

State the three Histological layers of the Uterus

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A

Perimetrium (continuous with abdominal peritoneum)

Myometrium

Endometrium

25
Describe the two endometrial sub layers
Deep Stratum Basalis - Doesn’t really change throughout menstrual cycle and isn’t shed Superficial Stratum Functionalis - Proliferates in response to Oestrogen and becomes secretory in response to Progesterone. Regenerates from Stratum Basalis
26
What is the Broad Ligament?
Double layer of peritoneum attaching Uterus to Pelvis, helping maintain position Made up of Mesometrium, Mesosalpinx, Mesovarium
27
What is the Round Ligament?
Remnants of the Gubernaculum From Uterus to Labia Majora via Inguinal Canal (Maintains Antiversion)
28
What is the Ovarian Ligament?
Connects Ovaries to Uterus
29
What is the Cardinal Ligament?
The base of the broad ligament Cervix to lateral pelvic walls Contains Uterine Artery and Vein
30
What is the Pubocervical Ligament?
Attaches Cervix to Pubic Symphysis
31
What is the Uterosacral Ligament?
Attaches Uterus to Sacrum, providing support
32
How are the Fallopian Tubes adapted to assist ovum transport?
Inner Mucosa - Ciliated, Peg Cells (secretory, supply with nutrients) Smooth Muscle - Contracts, Sensitive to Oestrogen
33
Name the four parts of the Fallopian Tube
Fimbriae Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus
34
Describe the Histology of the Ovaries
Surface - Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Cortex - Stroma and Follicles Medulla - Loose connective tissue and rich vasculature
35
Name the two ligaments associated with the Ovaries
Suspension (from mesovarium to pelvic wall) Ovarian (to Fundus)
36
Where do the Ovarian Lymphatics drain to?
Para Aortic Nodes
37
Name three functions of the Pelvic Floor
Continence Supporting Viscera Resisting increased Intra abdo/ Pelvic Pressure
38
Name the three muscles of Levator Ani and their midpoint attachment
Puborectalis Pubococcygeus Iliococcygeus Perineal Body
39
What is the Urogenital Diaphragm?
Anterior triangular fibrous structure
40
Name the three Perineal Muscles
Bulbospongiosus Ischiocavernosus Transverse Perineal
41
What is the role of FSH and LH respectively?
FSH stimulates Oestrogen production and Oogenesis | LH stimulates Progesterone production
42
Describe the order of pubertal changes in girls
``` Thelarche Pubarche Growth Spurt Menarche Adult Pubic Hair Breast Development ```
43
Describe Pubarche in Girls
Initially sparse, light and straight Through it becomes thicker and darker Axillary hair growth begins two years later
44
Describe Menarche
Normally occurs 1.5-3 years after Thelarche Average age for Caucasians is 12.8 years, and 4-8m later for African American
45
Describe Growth Spurts during Puberty
Rises from increased stimulation from Testosterone/Oestrodiol GH increases IGF1 and causes somatic growth by metabolic actions
46
The Ovarian Cycle can last between 20 and 35 days. Describe the follicular phase.
FSH stimulates Granulosa to convert androgens to oestrogen LH stimulates Theca to produce Androgens Follicle prepared for Ovulation Oestrogen initially rises and exerts negative feedback until reaches positive Inhibin released, inhibiting FSH and allowing LH surge
47
The Ovarian Cycle can last between 20 and 35 days. Describe the luteal phase.
Granulosa and Theca cells become vascularised today form Corpus Luteum Corpus Luteum produces Inhibin and Progesterone If fertilised, bHCG from Syncytiotrophoblast maintains Corpus Luteum
48
Describe the Proliferative Phase of the Uterine Cycle
Corresponds with follicular phase Functional layer doubles in size in response to Oestrogen Straight glands become coiled
49
Describe the Secretory phase of the Uterine Cycle
Glands become Secretory due to Progesterone | Functional Layer Sheds
50
Describe the hormonal changes in Menopause
Reduced Oestrogen, Progesterone and Inhibin | Increased FSH and LH
51
When does Fertility end graphically?
When decreasing follicle number intersects increasing proportion of poor quality
52
Describe the ‘Pre Menopause’ stage
Shortened follicular phase and more frequent LH Surges | Ovulation is early or absent
53
Describe the Perimenopause stage
Transition when Women begin to notice changes | Mood swings, Hot flushes
54
Describe the Post Menopausal risks
Osteoporosis (Type 1) Atherosclerosis Alzheimer’s

Year 4 OBGYN (15 decks)

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