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MODULE 1 - Overview > ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Regulation of the involuntary activity within the body

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2
Q

List the different involuntary function regulated by the autonomic nervous system

A

Cardiovascular response
Endocrine secretion
Gastrointestinal mobility and secretion
Reproductive control
Urogenital control

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3
Q

Which functional areas of the central nervous system regulate the autonomic nervous system within ALL organisms?

A

Brain stem
Spinal cord
Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Which additional functional area of the central nervous system regulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system in more advanced organisms?

A

Limbic cortex

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5
Q

What is the anatomical difference between the somatic and autonomic efferent neurones?

A
  • Somatic nervous system requires only one efferent neurone to run from the central nervous system to the target organ
  • Autonomic nervous system require two efferent neurones to run from the central nervous system to the target organ
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6
Q

What are the two autonomic efferent fibres present in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Pre-ganglionic fibres
Post-ganglionic fibres

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7
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Groups of neural cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

What are the two classifications of ganglia and what is the difference between the two?

A

Paravertebral ganglia: interconnected ganglia that are located close to the spinal cord

Prevertebral ganglia: individual ganglia located away from the spinal cord

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9
Q

Where in the central nervous system are the sympathetic cell bodies located?

A

Cranial-lumbar region of the spinal cord

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10
Q

Describe the anatomy of the pre- and post-ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Short, finely myelinated pre-ganglionic fibres run from the cell bodies in the central nervous system to interconnected paravertebral ganglia
  • Long non-myelinated post-ganglionic fibres run from the paravertebral ganglia to the target organs
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11
Q

How does the anatomy of the pre- and post-ganglionic fibres allow for a wide spread sympathetic response across the target organs?

A

Due to the long chain of interconnected paravertebral ganglia

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12
Q

List the cardiovascular responses induced by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Positive chronotropic effect
Positive inotropic effect
Positive dromotropic effect

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13
Q

List the smooth muscle responses induced by the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Decreased gastrointestinal motility
Bronchodilation
Bladder wall distension
Bladder neck constriction
Increased sphincter tone

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14
Q

List the endocrine responses induced by the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

Where in the central nervous system are the parasympathetic cell bodies located?

A

Cranial-sacral region of the spinal cord

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16
Q

Describe the anatomy of the pre- and post-ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Long, finely myelinated pre-ganglionic fibres run from the cell bodies in the central nervous system to prevertebral ganglia located at the level of the target organs
  • Short, non-myelinated post-ganglionic fibres run from the prevertebral ganglia to the target organs
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17
Q

Describe how the anatomy of the pre- and post-ganglionic fibres allow for a more controlled parasympathetic response across the target organs?

A

Due to the individual pre-vertebral ganglia close to the level of the target organs

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18
Q

List the cardiovascular responses induced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Negative chrontropic effect
Negative inotropic effect
Negative dromotropic effect

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19
Q

List the smooth muscle responses induced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Myosis (pupil constriction)
Vasodilation
Contraction of the bladder wall
Urethral peristalsis
Sphincter relaxation
Bronchoconstriction

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20
Q

Which area of the body have efferent neurones running from the parasympathetic nervous system but NOT the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The bronchi

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21
Q

What are cholinergic fibres?

A

Neurones that release acetylcholine

22
Q

What are adrenergic fibres?

A

Neurones that release noradrenaline

23
Q

What type of fibres are the pre- and post-ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Both the pre- and post-ganglionic fibres are cholinergic fibres

24
Q

What type of fibres are the pre- and post-ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The pre-ganglionic fibres are cholinergic fibres
The post-ganglionic fibres are adrenergic fibres

25
Q

What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?

A
  • Nicotinic cholinergic receptors
  • Muscarinic cholinergic receptors
26
Q

Which neurotransmitter binds to cholinergic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine

27
Q

What is the difference between nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic receptors are ligand gated ion channels whereas muscarinic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors

28
Q

What are the two main types of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha adrenergic receptors
Beta adrenergic receptors

29
Q

Which neurotransmitters bind to adrenergic receptors?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

30
Q

What are the three classifications of the nicotinic cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic muscular receptors (NM)
Nicotinic ganglionic receptors (NG)
Nicotinic neuronal receptors (NN)

31
Q

Where are nicotinic muscular receptors (NM) located within the body?

A

At the neuromuscular junction

32
Q

Where are nicotinic ganglionic receptors (NG) located within the body?

A

At the ganglia

33
Q

Where are nicotinic neuronal receptors (NN) located within the body?

A

In the central nervous system

34
Q

What are the five classifications of muscarinic cholinergic receptors and where are they located within the body?

A

M1: neural tissue
M2: cardiac tissue
M3: glandular and smooth muscle tissue
M4: central nervous system
M5: central nervous system

35
Q

What are the two classifications of alpha adrenergic receptors and where are they located within the body?

A

Alpha 1: vascular smooth muscle
Alpha 2: vascular smooth muscle and presynaptic tissue

36
Q

What are the classifications of beta adrenergic receptors and where are they located within the body?

A

Beta 1: cardiac tissue
Beta 2: bronchi
Beta 3: ?
Beta 4: ?

37
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is the adrenal gland part of?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

What is the function of the chromaffin cells found in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells contain an enzyme which converts noradrenaline to adrenaline and secretes both into the bloodstream

39
Q

What are the advantages of adrenaline and noradrenaline being released directly into the bloodstream by the adrenal gland?

A
  • The adrenaline and noradrenaline will have a longer effect as these hormones have to travel through the bloodstream to the liver before being metabolised
  • Travelling in the bloodstream allows adrenaline to make contact with all of the cells in the body allowing adrenaline to double metabolic rate
40
Q

Which tissues are affected more by adrenaline and why?

A

Adrenaline has a higher affinity for beta adrenergic receptors so has more of an impact on cardiac tissue and bronchi

41
Q

The autonomic nervous system exhibits tone. Why is this important to the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Continuous basal activity allows for fine control over the involuntary visceral functions

42
Q

What is the function of co-transmitter molecules within the autonomic nervous system?

A

Co-transmitter molecules are molecules released with the main neurotransmitters involved in the autonomic nervous system to modify visceral organ response

43
Q

What are the five main drug categories used to modify the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Adrenergic agonists
Adrenergic antagonists
Cholinergic agonists
Cholinergic antagonists
Anti-cholinesterase agents

44
Q

What is the function enteric nervous system?

A

The system of neurones within the gastrointestinal tract which controls gastrointestinal movement, function and secretion

45
Q

What are the two nerve plexuses within the enteric nervous system and where are they located?

A

Submucosal plexus: located between the epithelium and the circular muscle

Myenteric plexus: located between the circular and longitudinal muscle

46
Q

What is the main function of the submucosal plexus?

A

Regulation of gastrointestinal absorption and secretion

47
Q

What is the main function of the myenteric plexus?

A

Regulation of gastrointestinal peristalsis

48
Q

Which type of sensory receptors provide information to the enteric plexuses?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors

49
Q

How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the activity of the enteric nervous system?

A

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits enteric nervous system activity

50
Q

How does parasympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the activity of the enteric nervous system?

A

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system increases enteric nervous system activity

MODULE 1 - Overview (13 decks)

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