Anatomy and Physiology | Module 1 & 2

Question 1

This discipline studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

This is the ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even through the outside world changes continuously.

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

This anatomical position, has the individual laying on their back with their face and abdomen facing upwards.

Answer 3

Supine

Question 4

This anatomical plane is a vertical plane which divides the body into its anterior and posterior parts.

Answer 4

Coronal or Frontal

Question 5

This anatomical plane is a horizontal plane and divides the body into its superior and inferior parts.

Answer 5

Transverse

Question 6

This directional term refers to structures that are situated on the same side of the body (left or right); or of affecting the same side of the body

Answer 6

Ipsilateral

Question 7

What is the layman’s term for clavicle?

Answer 7

Collarbone

Question 8

What is the layman’s term for the buccal region?

Answer 8

Cheeks

Question 9

What is the anatomical term for the arm pit?

Answer 9

Axillary region

Question 10

What is the anatomical term for the calf?

Answer 10

Sural region

Question 11

What is the layman’s terms for the umbilical region?

Answer 11

Navel or Bellybutton

Question 12

This is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships.

Answer 12

Anatomy

Question 13

This is the reaction when acids and bases mix.

Answer 13

Neutralization reaction

Question 14

What are the 3 main parts of the cell?

Answer 14

The Nucleus, Cytoplasm and Plasma Membrane

Question 15

This refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume

Answer 15

Tonicity

Question 16

These are substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the cells

Answer 16

Extracellular Materials

Question 17

This forms the “fabric” of the membrane

Answer 17

Membrane Lipids

Question 18

This are protein structures that allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells

Answer 18

Cell junctions

Question 19

What is the Membrane Potential?

Answer 19

This is also termed as ‘voltage.’ It is the electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles.

Question 20

These are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Answer 20

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

Question 21

This is a type of feedback loop in which the initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater.

Answer 21

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Question 22

This is the inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment– which may be due to aging or diseases.

Answer 22

Homeostatic Imbalance

Question 23

What is the highest level of structural organization?

Answer 23

Organismal level

Question 24

This is a regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme 2) Ion channel.

Answer 24

G-protein

Question 25

What is the Cytoplasm?

Answer 25

This is the jelly-like cell material packed with organelles. It is the site of most cellular activities.

Question 26

This is a system of organelles that work together mainly to: produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules, and degrade potentially harmful substances. (Includes the Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, etc.)

Answer 26

Endomembrane system

Question 27

Control center of the cell and contains instructions to build nearly all the body's proteins.

Answer 27

Nucleus

Question 28

Tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane. It increases the cell surface and are most often found in absorptive cells in the intestine and kidney.

Answer 28

Microvilli

Question 29

_________ is the segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain.

Answer 29

Gene

Question 30

_________ are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform common or related functions.

Answer 30

Tissues

Question 31

These are sheets of cells that cover the body surface or lines the body cavity; a boundary-forming tissue.

Answer 31

Epithelial tissue

Question 32

This is a type of epithelial tissue whose main function is to secrete, absorb and protect. It is a single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical nuclei.

Answer 32

Simple cuboidal

Question 33

This type of tissue mainly connects body parts; however, also functions for binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances.

Answer 33

Connective Tissue

Question 34

These are well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement-- it possesses myofilaments with networks of actin and myosin that bring about movement or contraction.

Answer 34

Muscle Tissues

Question 35

These are spindle shaped cells with a central nuclei-- mostly found in the walls of hollow organs. Its main function is to propel substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.

Answer 35

Smooth muscle

Question 36

This is the main component of the nervous system (brain , spinal cord and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions.

Answer 36

Nervous Tissue

Question 37

This refers to the process of nuclear division, it is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells.

Answer 37

Mitosis

Question 38

_________ is a term referring to 'programmed cell death.' It rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span.

Answer 38

Apoptosis

Question 39

This is a type of passive membrane transport which diffuses directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)

Answer 39

Simple Diffusion

Question 40

This is a type of endocytosis, wherein a large external particle becomes surrounded by a pseudopod; thus, becoming enclosed in a vesicle. Otherwise known as "cell eating."

Answer 40

Phagocytosis

Question 41

What is Contact Signaling?

Answer 41

It is when cells come together, touch and recognize one another. This is useful in development and immunity.

Question 42

This system is the external covering of the body, including the: Skin, Hair and Fingernails.

Answer 42

Integumentary System

Question 43

_____________ is a requirement for life. It is the ability to respond and appropriately react to changes from the external environment.

Answer 43

Responsiveness or Excitability

Question 44

This is a vertical plane which passes through the midline of the body, and bisects the body into two symmetrical halves (right and left).

Answer 44

Median or Midsagittal plane

Question 45

What is the layman's term for antebrachial?

Answer 45

Forearm

Question 46

This is an organelle in the cytoplasm that modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids. They are stacked, flattened membranous sacs that are associated with tiny membranous vesicles.

Answer 46

Golgi Apparatus

Question 47

It is a series of changes that a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.

Answer 47

The Cell Cycle

Question 48

What is the Interphase?

Answer 48

The period from cell formation to cell division

Question 49

____________ provides identity molecules for specific biological markers.

Answer 49

Glycocalyx

Question 50

It is the diffusion of a solvent (water) through a membrane.

Answer 50

Osmosis