Anatomy and Physiology: Module 1 and Module 2 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
It studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
A
ANATOMY
2
Q
The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “_____”
A
TO CUT APART
3
Q
It is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys.
A
GROSS ANATOMY
4
Q
All structures in particular region of the body. It is the study of the organization of the body by areas.
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REGIONAL ANATOMY
5
Q
Body structures are examined system by system.
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SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
6
Q
It is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin. It is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.
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SURFACE ANATOMY
7
Q
It deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye (cytology, histology).
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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
8
Q
It involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
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ANATOMICAL IMAGING
9
Q
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span.
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DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
10
Q
It studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
A
PHYSIOLOGY
11
Q
It is the study of a specific organism, of human, whereas cellular physiology and systemic physiology are subdivisions that emphasize specific organizational levels.
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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
12
Q
It is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
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HOMEOSTASIS
13
Q
What are the levels of structural organization of the human body?
A
CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELLULAR LEVEL
TISSUE LEVEL
ORGAN LEVEL
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
14
Q
Atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures.
A
CHEMICAL LEVEL
15
Q
Cells are made up of molecules. A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell.
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CELLULAR LEVEL
16
Q
It is the smallest independently unit of a living organism.
A
CELL
17
Q
A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called ______?
A
ORGANELLES
18
Q
A community of similar cells form a body tissue.
A
TISSUE LEVEL
19
Q
It is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function.
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TISSUE
20
Q
Two or more different tissue combine to form an organ.
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ORGAN LEVEL
21
Q
An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.
A
ORGAN
22
Q
Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body systems.
A
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
23
Q
A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs pf the body.
A
ORGAN SYSTEM
24
Q
What are the systems of the body?
A
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, Nervous, Reproductive
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Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/IMMUNITY
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Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
URINARY SYSTEM
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
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It is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
CATABOLISM
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It is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.
ANABOLISM
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What are the requirements for life or survival needs?
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, and Atmospheric Pressure
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It is the ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.
HOMEOSTASIS
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An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
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Refers to a person standing erect and facing forward, the upper limbs are by the sides, the palms of the hands are directed forward, the lower limbs are together, the soles of the feet are on the ground. Also known as the standard anatomical position.
ANATOMICAL POSITION
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It means lying flat on your stomach.
PRONE POSITION
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It means lying flat on your back; lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up.
SUPINE POSITION
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Vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
MEDIAN PLANE
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Any plane parallel to the median that divides the body into unequal right and left portions.
SAGITTAL PLANE
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Vertical plane situated at a right angle to the median plane. It divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE
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Lies at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes. It divides the body into upper and lower parts.
HORIZONTAL PLANE
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Lies perpendicular to the long axis of a given structure and divides that structure in a "cross-sectional" orientation.
TRANSVERSE PLANE
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The front part of the body.
ANTERIOR
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The back part of the body.
POSTERIOR
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The front part of the hand.
PALMAR
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The back part of the hand.
DORSUM/DORSAL
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The term used to refers to the sole of the foot.
PLANTAR
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It indicates the upper (top) surface of the foot.
DORSAL SURFACES
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A structure nearer to the median plane.
MEDIAL
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A structure that lies farther away from the median plane.
LATERAL
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Denote levels relatively high and low with reference to the upper and lower ends of the body.
SUPERIOR (CRANIAL; CEPHALIC) AND INFERIOR (CAUDAL)
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Closer to the core
PROXIMAL
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Far away from the core
DISTAL
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Closer to the surface / skin of the body.
SUPERFICIAL
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Far away from the surface.
DISTAL
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Inside the structure
INTERNAL
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Outside the structure
EXTERNAL
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is on the same side as the reference point
IPSILATERAL
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is on the opposite side of from the reference point.
CONTRALATERAL
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flow toward the reference point.
AFFERENT
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flow away from the reference point
EFFERENT
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Well protected by bone; includes cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord).
DORSAL CAVITY
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Protected only by the trunk muscles; includes thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs)
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
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A relatively stable internal environment
HOMEOSTASIS
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Responds to environmental changes (stimuli)
RECEPTOR
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Assess changes and stimulates an effector.
CONTROL CENTER
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Produces a response to the environmental change
EFFECTOR
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Systems act to reduce or stop the initial stimulus
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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Systems act to increase the initial stimulus
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
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Is the most abundant compound in the body, is a universal solvent, and is a a reactant in hydrolysis reaction
WATER
79
What are the functions of water?
1. A vehicle for chemical reactions, transportation around the body and lubricating fluids.
2. Maintains body temperature by slowly absorbing and releasing heat.
3. Forms a watery cushion to protect certain body structures (such as the brain)
80
Donate protons (H+ ions)
ACIDS
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Accept protons (H+ ions)
BASES
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Measures the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions in various body fluids
pH
83
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all degraded by ______ and synthesized by _________ reactions.
HYDROLYSIS; DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
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Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the general relationship of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.
CARBOHYDRATES
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The building blocks of carbohydrate, this includes glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose
MONOSACCHARIDES
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Two monomers covalently linked, such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose
DISACCHARIDES
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This includes starch and glycogen
POLYSACCHARIDES
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Major energy source for making ATP
GLUCOSE
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Modified RNA nucleotide; the energy currency used by all body cells
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
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This includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (the most important of which is cholesterol)
LIPIDS
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Polymers of amino acids
PROTEINS
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The basic structural proteins of the body
FIBROUS PROTEINS
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Functional proteins such as enzymes, peptide hormones and hemoglobin
GLOBULAR PROTEINS
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Speed the rates of chemical reactions by binding temporarily and specifically with reactants and holding them in the proper position to interact.
ENZYMES
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Maintains genetic heritage by replicating itself before cell division and specifying protein structure.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Executes instructions from DNA during protein synthesis.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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A semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm. It is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins, sugars, and cholesterol.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
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What are the membrane junctions?
1. Tight junctions
2. Gap junctions
3. Microvilli
99
Control center of a cell; necessary for reproduction
NUCLEUS
100
Contains cytosol, inclusions, stored or inactive materials in the cytoplasm (fat globules, water vacuoles, crystals), and organelles.
CYTOPLASM
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This is the site for ATP synthesis
MITOCHONDRIA
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This is the site for protein synthesis
RIBOSOMES
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A tunnel system involved in fat and protein synthesis.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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It modifies and packages proteins for export
GOLGI APPARATUS
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For intracellular digestion
LYSOSOMES
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It detoxify free radicals
PEROXISOMES
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It provides cellular support and motion
CYTOSKELETON
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Cell division and form the bases of cilia and flagella
CENTRIOLES
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Project the cell surface and aid in moving substances across the cell surface.
CILIA
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Are longer projections made of microtubules that propel the cell.
FLAGELLA
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Structures to increase surface area, are composed of actin filaments
MICROVILLI
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Is the movement of a substance from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to the kinetic energy of the molecules themselves.
DIFFUSION
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Diffusion of dissolved solutes through the plasma membrane.
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
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Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane.
OSMOSIS
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Diffusion that requires a protein channel or carrier.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
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a passive transport that requires a pressure gradient across a membrane.
FILTRATION
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Requires both ATP and a carrier protein and can move items against their gradient.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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It move specific solutes.
SOLUTE PUMPS
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This includes endocystosis and exocytosis, the movement of bulk substances into or out of the cell.
VESICULAR TRANSPORT
120
It includes two phases: mitosis and cytokinesis; provides cells for growth and repair.
CELL DIVISION
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Division of the nucleus.
MITOSIS
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Division of the cytoplasm.
CYTOKINESIS
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It covers, lines; glandular tissue protects, absorbs, and secretes.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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Some are smooth and slick, most have microvilli.
APICAL SURG=FACE
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Non-celullar, adhesive sheet consisting of glycoproteins that acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules are allowed to enter the epithelium.
BASAL LAMINA
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This is where absorption, secretion and filtration occurs.
SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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With 2 or more layers, common in high abrasion area such as lining of the mouth and skin surface.
STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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What are the classification of epithelial tissue based on shape?
Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
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a single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
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Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
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Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
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Single lager of cells if differing heights, not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia.
PSEUDOSTRATIFUED COLUMNAR
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Thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous; in the keratinized type, the surface cells are ful of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more
superficial layers.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
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Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome
shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.
TRANSITIONAL
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consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
GLAND
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product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins
SECRETION
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One- celled or multicellular
UNICELLULAR
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Internally secretion or exocrine
ENDOCRINE
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Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target
organs; structurally diverse and secretions also varies
ENDOCRINE
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Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include the liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others
EXOCRINE
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Supports, protects, cushions, insulates, and binds together
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars and other components and responsible for the physical maintenance of cells
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
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Contracts (shortens) to generate force; causes movement
MUSCLE TISSUE
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voluntary, multinucleate, striated, attached to skeleton
SKELETAL MUSCLE
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involuntary, uninucleate, striated, heart wall, intercalated discs
CARDIAC MUSCLE
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involuntary, uninucleate, not striated, walls of hollow organs
SMOOTH MUSCLE
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are irritable and conductive, and they are specialized to receive and transmit nerve impulses
NEURONS
146
What are the support cells of the nervous tissue?
NEUROGLIA
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Make up the fast control center of the body; found in brain, nerves, and spinal cord
NERVOUS TISSUE
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Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
AREOLAR
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Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
ADIPOSE
150
Loose network of reticular fibers
in a gel-like ground substance
RETICULAR
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Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
REGULAR
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Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the major cell type.
IRREGULAR
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Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.
ELASTIC
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Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (as chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
HYALINE
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Similar to hyaline cartilage, but m o r e elastic fibers in matrix.
ELASTIC
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Matrix similar to but l e s firm
than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.
FIBROCARTILAGE
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Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.
BONE
158
Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).
BLOOD
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line body cavities that are open to the exterior.
MUCOUS MEMBRANES (mucosae)
160
covers the body surface.
CUTSNEOUS MEMBRANE (the skin)
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line body cavities that are closed to the exterior
SEROUS MEMBRANES
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surrounds the digestive organs
PARIETAL PERITONEUM
163
injured tissue is replaced by same
type of cells
REGENERATION
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wound is repaired with scar tissue
FIBROSIS
165
abnormal cell growths (benign or cancerous); result from lack of control of cell division
NEOPLASMS
165
increase in size; results when tissue is repeatedly and strongly stimulated or irritated
HYPERPLASIA
166
decrease in size; results when organ is not stimulated
ATROPHY
