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TAS Nephrology > Anatomy And Physiology Of The Kidney > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Of The Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
  • Hormone secretion
  • Red cell production
  • Control of BP
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2
Q

Are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

In the paravertebral space

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4
Q

How does the position of the right kidney compare to the left?

A

The right is slightly lower than the left

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5
Q

What is the average length of the kidney at birth?

A

4.5-5.5cm

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6
Q

How big are adult kidneys?

A

10-11.5cm in length, 5-7cm in width

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7
Q

What is the anterior surface of the kidney in contact with?

A

The duodenum on the right side, and the pancreas on the left

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8
Q

What is in contact with the inferior pole of the kidney?

A

Variable portions of the colon

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9
Q

What is the relationship between the spleen and the kidney?

A

On the left side, the spleen wraps the anterolateral aspects of the upper half of the kidney

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10
Q

What is the relationship between the ribs and the kidney?

A

The 12th rib and a portion of the 11th rib cover the upper third of the posterior surface of the left kidney
The 12th rib may touch the upper pole of the right kidney

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11
Q

What is the outer surface of the kidney covered by?

A

A thin but firm capsule

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12
Q

What does the anatomical position of the kidney explain clinically?

A

The retroperitoneal approach for renal biopsy, and the choice of lower pole of the right kidney

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13
Q

What are nephrons?

A

The ultrastructural units of the kidney

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14
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

Around a million

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15
Q

What does the nephron comprise of?

A

A glomerulus connected to a tubule, which drains into a collecting duct.

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16
Q

What happens to the collecting ducts of the nephrons?

A

They join and drain into the calyces at the renal pyramids

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17
Q

What structure in the nephron generates ultrafiltrate?

A

Glomerulus

18
Q

How does the glomerulus generate ultrafiltrate?

A

Through ultrafiltration of the blood brought in by the afferent arterioles

19
Q

What happens to the ultrafiltrate generated by the glomerulus?

A

It accumulates in the Bowman’s space, and then traverses the tubules

20
Q

What happens to the ultrafiltrate in the tubules?

A

It is further modified into the final urine

21
Q

What happens during passage of tubular fluid down the renal tubule?

A

Solutes are reabsorbed by the highly selective transport mechanisms

22
Q

What % of CO does renal blood flow comprise?

A

25%

23
Q

What % of the renal blood flow goes into the peritubular circulation?

A

80%

24
Q

What happens to blood in the peritubular circulation?

A

It receives solutes from the PCT

25
Q

What solutes are reabsorbed from the PCT into the peritubular circulation?

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Potassium
  • HCO3
26
Q

What happens to the remaining 20% of the renal blood flow?

A

It enters the juxtaglomerular apparatus

27
Q

What happens to blood in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

It undergoes ultrafiltration in the glomerulus

28
Q

What is filtered out of the blood at the glomerulus?

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Anions
  • Cations
  • Proteins <20 kilodaltons
  • Urea
29
Q

What is the first part of the glomerulus?

A

Proximal convuluted tubule

30
Q

What is the importance of the PCT?

A

It is the major site for reabsorption

31
Q

What % of glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

99%

32
Q

What does bicarbonate reabsorption at the PCT affect?

A

Renal acid-base homeostasis

33
Q

What comes after the PCT?

A

The loop of Henle

34
Q

What is the loop of Henle the major site of?

A

Urine concentration

35
Q

What are the parts of the loop of Henle?

A
  • Thin descending limb

- Thick ascending limb

36
Q

What comes after the loop of Henle?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

What happens in the DCT?

A

Further sodium chloride and water reabsorption

38
Q

What comes after the DCT?

A

Collecting tubule

39
Q

What happens in the DCT and CT?

A

Further sodium chloride and water reabsorption

40
Q

What controls the reabsorption of NaCl and water in the DCT and CT?

A

Vasopressin and aldosterone

TAS Nephrology (16 decks)

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