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Dysphagia > Anatomy and Physiology of the Swallowing Mechanism > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of the Swallowing Mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

responsible for bolus containment and preparation

A

Oral cavity

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2
Q

propulsion and velopharyngeal function

A

Oropharynx

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3
Q

muscular propulsion in pharynx

A

hypopharynx

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4
Q

esophageal opening and peristaltic wave

A

esophagus

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5
Q

central nervous system consists of

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of

A
  • nerves from the brain stem and spinal cord

- certain ganglia outside of spinal cord

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7
Q

these cranial nerves are both motor and sensory

A

CN IX and CN X

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8
Q

functional components of the oral cavity

A
  • containment: cheeks
  • bolus preparation: lips, teeth, tongue
  • gingival and buccal gutters
  • soft palate
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9
Q

functional components of the oropharynx

A

-oropharyngeal propulsion
-soft palate, lateral pharyngeal walls, base
of tongue
- velopharyngeal function
-soft palate
- tongue elevation

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10
Q

functional components of the hypopharynx

A
  • muscular propulsion
    • pharyngeal constrictors
    • piriform sinuses
    • cricopharyngeal function
  • larynx
    • closure: glottis
    • pharyngeal squeeze
    • hyoid elevation
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11
Q

functional components of the esophagus

A
  • upper esophageal opening
  • primary peristaltic wave
  • secondary peristaltic wave
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12
Q

true or false: the muscles attach to the structures above and below the oral cavity

A

true

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13
Q

the muscles of the head, neck, and face act as

A

sphincters: closing and opening (mouth and eyes)

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14
Q

Muscle: levator labii superioris
Action?
Innervation

A

Action: raises upper lip
Innervation: VII Facial Nerve

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15
Q

Muscle: depressor labii inferiors
Action?
Innervation?

A

Action: lowers lower lip
Innervation: VII facial nerve

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16
Q

Muscle: depressor anguli oris
Action?
Innervation?

A

Action: aids in opening the mouth
Innervation: VII facial nerve

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17
Q

Muscle: buccinator
Action?
Innervation?

A

Action: presses cheeks against teeth. In mastication, keeps food between teeth and away from cheeks
Innervation: VII facial nerve

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18
Q

Muscle: mentalis
Action?
Innervation?

A

Action: acts to lift lower lip & pulls chin upward
Innervation: VII facial nerve

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19
Q

Muscle: Platysma
Action?
Innervation?

A

Action: depresses mandible & helps to retract lower lip
Innervation: VII facial nerve

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20
Q

oral portion of the tongue is innervated by what cranial nerve? Under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

hypoglossal (CN XII)

under voluntary control

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21
Q

base of the tongue is innvervated by

through the muscle

A

vagus (CN X)

glossopharyngeal

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22
Q

Sensory taste receptors are located where?

A

oral portion and base of tongue

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23
Q

What two things impact the speed and accuracy of swallowing?

A

Gender and age

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24
Q

Volumes of the larynx and hypopharynx increase or decrease as individuals age?

A

decrease

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25
Q

What occurs in the oral cavity?

A
  • gathers food and liquids
  • prepares bolus for transit
  • mixes foods with saliva
  • buccinators and orbicularis oris seal the lips
  • tongue positions the food
  • tongue propels the food-helps to avoid pocketing in the cheeks
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26
Q

What provides the driving force to propel the bolus?

A

Tongue

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27
Q

Extrinsic muscles include:

A

Genioglossus
Hypoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus

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28
Q

Genioglossus action and innvervation

A
  • depresses tongue & moves tongue anteriorly

- hypoglossal CN XII

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29
Q

Hypoglossus action and innervation

A
  • depresses tongue & decreases sides of tongue

- hypoglossal CN XII

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30
Q

Styloglossus action and innervation

A
  • elevates tongue & retracts tongue

- hypoglossal CN XII

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31
Q

Palatoglossus action and innvervation

A
  • elevates posterior tongue & lower soft palate

- pharyngeal plexus axons from CN X

32
Q

Intrinsic muscles include:

A

transverse
vertical
longitudinal
geniohyoid

33
Q

Transverse action and innvervation

A
  • elongates and narrows tongue

- hypoglossal CN XII

34
Q

Vertical action and innervation

A
  • flattens and widens tongue

- hypoglossal CN XII

35
Q

Longitudinal action and innervation

A
  • elevates tip of tongue & depresses apex and sides of tongue
  • hypoglossal CN XII
36
Q

Geniohyoid action and innvervation

A
  • elevates hyoid bone and tongue & lowers mandible

- cervical spine C1

37
Q

The maxilla is the portion of the jaw.

A

fixed

38
Q

The mandible is the portion of the haw.

A

moving

39
Q

The mandible and maxilla consist of bones that form….

A

-lower portion of the anterior face and provide framework for the mouth

40
Q

The suprahyoid muscles are responsible for

A

elevating the hyoid bone

41
Q

The infrahyoid muscles do what?

A

act to anchor or lower the hyoid bone and elevate thyroid cartilage

42
Q

True or false: the masseter muscle is considered the strongest muscle in the body.

A

true

43
Q

Muscles of the mandible and neck include:

A

masseter
temoralis
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid

44
Q

Masster action and innervation

A
  • elevates mandible & closes mouth

- trigeminal CN V

45
Q

temporalis action and innervation

A
  • retracts mandible & aids in mouth closing

- trigeminal CN V

46
Q

lateral pterygoid action and innervation

A
  • lateral motion of mandible & depresses mandible, opens mouth
  • trigeminal CN V
47
Q

medial pterygoid action and innervation

A
  • lateral motion of mandible & pushes mandible forward

- trigeminal CN V

48
Q

Mandible: suprahyoid muscles include

A

mylohyoid
stylohyoid
digastric

49
Q

mylohyoid action and innervation

A
  • elevates hyoid bone & aids in depressing mandible

- trigeminal CN V

50
Q

stylohyoid action and innervation

A
  • moves hyoid bone posteriorly & elevates hyoid bone

- facial CN VII

51
Q

digastric action and innervation

A
  • elevates hyoid bone & depresses mandible

- trigeminal CN V & facial CN VII

52
Q

Mandible infrahyoid muscles include:

A

omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid

53
Q

Omohyoid action and innervation

A
  • lower hyoid bone

- branches of spinal nerves C 1-3

54
Q

sternohyoid action and innervation

A
  • aids in lowering hyoid bone

- branches of spinal nerves C 1-3

55
Q

sternothyroid action and innervation

A
  • lowers thyroid cartilage

- branches of spinal nerves C 1-3

56
Q

thyrohyoid action and innervation

A
  • lowers hyoid bone and aids in elevating thyroid

- Branches of spinal nerves C 1-3 and hypoglossal CN XII

57
Q

The pharynx is divided into 3 sections:

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
58
Q

muscles of the pharynx include:

A 
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
salpingopharyngeus
stylopharyngeaus 
palatopharyngeus
59
Q

superior constrictor action and innervation

A
  • constricts upper pharynx

- pharyngeal plexus CN X

60
Q

middle constrictor action and innervation

A
  • constrict upper pharynx

- pharyngeal plexus CN X

61
Q

inferior constrictor action and innervation

A
  • part of esophageal sphincter constricts

- pharyngeal plexus CN X

62
Q

salpingopharyngeus action and innervation

A
  • elevates pharynx

- pharyngeal plexus CN X

63
Q

stylopharyngeus action and innervation

A
  • elevates pharynx

- glossopharyngeal CN IX

64
Q

palatopharyngeus action and innervation

A
  • elevates pharynx and larynx

- pharyngeal plexus CN X

65
Q

the cricopharyngeus forms entrance to….

A

esophagus

66
Q

the cricopharyngeus maintains contraction during respiration and relaxes during…
allows to elevate and food to pass

A

swallowing

larynx

67
Q

often considered the main organ of swallowing

A

larynx

68
Q

for swallowing the larynx does what?

A

-elevates, moves anteriorly, vocal folds close (all three must be coordinated for normal swallow)

69
Q

Once the bolus passes the anterior faucial pillars, the pharyngeal transport of the bolus is under involuntary control although increases in pressure may voluntarily take place. true or false

A

true

70
Q

tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

71
Q

the esophagus begins at what muscle?

A

cricopharyngeus

72
Q

what waves move food to the stomach?

A

peristaltic

73
Q

Normal swallowing: traditional description of the 4 phases…

A
  • oral preparatory
  • oral
  • pharyngeal
  • esophageal
74
Q

Phases of the swallow overlap and require integration of the phases: true or false

A

true

75
Q

events in a normal swallow are initiated in this approximate order…

A 
apnea onset
oral bolus transport
hyoid excursion
maximum laryngeal closure
PES opening
maximum hyoid excursion
laryngeal opening
swallowing inspiration
apnea onset
hyoid return

Dysphagia (1 decks)

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