Anatomy and Physiology (science olympiad)

Question 1

Bone marrow

Answer 1

The soft, spongy tissue that is found in the center of bones. It produces red blood cells.

Question 2

Axillary lymph nodes

Answer 2

Lymph nodes in the armpits.

Question 3

Inguinal lymph nodes

Answer 3

Lymph nodes that are…. down under

Question 4

Cervical lymph nodes

Answer 4

Lymph nodes in the neck area

Question 5

Appendix

Answer 5

A sac attached to the bottom end of the large intestine. It stores certain types of healthy gut bacteria.

Question 6

Thymus gland

Answer 6

An organ that lies under the breastbone in the upper chest. It trains white blood cells and then they get transported to the bloodstream.

Question 7

Skin

Answer 7

Blocks bacteria from entering the body, secretes fluids to keep away bacteria.

Question 8

Sebum

Answer 8

Unsaturated fatty acids, creates a protective film over the skin

Question 9

Epidermis

Answer 9

First layer of skin

Question 10

Dermis

Answer 10

Second layer of skin

Question 11

Hypodermis

Answer 11

Third layer of skin

Question 12

Epidermis (function)

Answer 12

Determines color of skin, keeps the skin hydrated, produces new cells

Question 13

Dermis (function)

Answer 13

Supports the skin, helps with sensation (touch), helps with thermoregulation (ability to keep body temp. in a certain range)

Question 14

Hypodermis (function)

Answer 14

Stores energy, insulates body, connects the dermis to muscles and bones

Question 15

Vibrissae (nose hairs)

Answer 15

Filters the air that enters the body from dust and other pollutants

Question 16

Cilla

Answer 16

Lines the lungs, traps and removes foreign substances by sweeping them into the throat

Question 17

Gastric juice (stomach)

Answer 17

Highly acidic, kills bacteria in the stomach

Question 18

Symbiotic bacteria

Answer 18

Found in the digestive track and down under (female), lets out toxins that kills/damages harmful bacteria

Question 19

Urine

Answer 19

Flushes pollutants out of the urethra (the tube where urine leaves the body)

Question 20

Bowel movement

Answer 20

Lets the body get rid of waste

Question 21

Vomiting

Answer 21

Gets rid of possible toxins or poisons by throwing it up before it can be digested

Question 22

MAST cells

Answer 22

Contain and release histamine (when stimulated) to dilate blood vessels, making it easier for white blood cells to consume the intruder

Question 23

NK cells (natural killer cells)

Answer 23

Attack pathogen-infected cells by releasing toxic particles/granules

Question 24

Dendritic cells

Answer 24

Present antigens to lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) in order to activate them

Question 25

Interferons

Answer 25

Secreted by cells invaded by a virus, activate neighboring cells to produce proteins that fight the virus

Question 26

Chemokines

Answer 26

Lead cells to where they are needed

Question 27

Fevers

Answer 27

Increase the body temperature in order to: make it harder for viruses to reproduce, increase the rate that tissue can be repaired, and help certain types of immune cells function better

Question 28

The inflammatory response

Answer 28

Damaged cells release chemokines, MAST cells get attracted to them and begin to release histamine, the histamine makes it easy for phagocytes to come and consume the virus

Question 29

Opsonins

Answer 29

Act as an indicator, bind to cells that become flagged to be eaten by phagocytes (phagocytosis)

Question 30

Thymus

Answer 30

Stores immature lymphocytes and is the site off T cell maturation

Question 31

Spleen

Answer 31

Filters and stores red and white blood cells (and platelets), recycles red blood cells, fights some bacteria like meningitis and pneumonia

Question 32

Tonsils

Answer 32

Help produce T cells, don't have a particular function, are commonly removed due to inflammation

Question 33

Lymph nodes

Answer 33

Oval shaped filters placed throughout lymphatic vessels (there are hundreds)

Question 34

Lymph (lymphatic fluid)

Answer 34

Flows through lymphatic vessels, carries bacteria to lymph nodes (bacteria is later destroyed by leukocytes), transports fats coming from the digestive system

Question 35

Lymph system (purpose)

Answer 35

To transport white blood cells and remove interstitial fluid (fluid found in the space between cells)

Question 36

Lymph nodes (function)

Answer 36

Filter substances that travel through the lymph, help fight infection