Anatomy, aphasia, consciousness and memory Flashcards
(34 cards)
Parts of midbrain (Micky mouse)
Ears - cerebral peduncles Eyebrows - substantia nigra Eyes - red nuclei (axons of CNVIII) Nose - CNVIII nuclei Mouth - cerebral aqueduct Around mouth - PAG Chin - superior calliculi and tectum Tears - ascending tracts
Functions of frontal lobe of cortex
Motor function Speech expression Inhibition Cognition Eye movements Continence
Functions of parietal lobe of cortex
Sensory function
Speech comprehension
Attention - awareness of environment
Calculation
Functions of temporal lobe of cortex
Hearing
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion
Functions of occipital lobe of cortex
Vision
What is cerebral dominance
95% have left hemisphere dominance
Meaning left side is responsible for sequential processing e.g language and logic
Right side is responsible for whole picture processing e.g body image, attention and emotion
What areas are used in the language pathways
Wernicke’s area in temporal lobe
Broca’s area in inferolateral frontal lobe
Function of Broca’s area
Production of speech, is anatomically adjacent to motor part of frontal lobe controlling face
Function of Wernicke’s area
Interpretation of speech
What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
Arcuate fasciculus
Differentiate Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia
Broca’s - can understand instructions and follow them but answers to questions are incomprehensible
Wernicke’s - can speak fluently but answers to questions are inappropriate
Classes of memory
Explicit or declarative (factual)
Implicit or nondeclarative (motor skills and emotion)
Where are the types of memory stored in general
Explicit in cortex
Implicit in cerebellum
What increases consolidation of memory into long term memories
Emotional context
Rehearsal
Association
Function of hippocampus in consolidating memory
Integrates input (visual, auditory, limbic) and repeats message to cortex to increase strength of connection via increased neurotransmitter release and increased presynaptic branches
What is arousal and consciousness
Arousal - emotional state associated with a goal or avoidance of a noxious stimulus
Consciousness - awareness of external world and internal states
How is consciousness controlled
Cortex stimulates the reticular formulation which then stimulates the cortex creating a positive feedback loop
What is the reticular formation
What are the inputs and outputs
Population of specialised interneurones in the brainstem receiving input from the sensory system and cortex
Output to reticular activating system
What is contained in the RAS and what stimulates the cortex in each case
Thalamus - glutamate
Hypothalamus - histamine
Basal forebrain nuclei - acetylcholine
How to assess consciousness
GCS: /4 eye opening, /6 motor response, /5 verbal response
Electroencephalogram
Describe brain death
Flat EEG
Widespread cortical and brainstem damage
Describe coma
Disordered EEG, no detectable sleep wake cycle, unresponsive to psychologically meaningful stimuli
Widespread cortical and brainstem damage
Describe post vegetative state
Disordered EEG, detectable sleep wake cycle, brain stem reflexes present, spontaneous eye opening
Widespread cortical damage
Describe locked in syndrome
All somatic motor functions are lost from pons down (eye movements may be preserved)
Basilar or pontine artery occlusion
