Anatomy, Cells, Tissues

Question 1

What are the four types of tissue?

Answer 1

Connective, epithelial, nervous, muscle

Question 2

What is epithelial tissue for?

Answer 2

Covers surfaces externally and lines surfaces internally.

Involved in absorption (intestine), secretion (glands), protection (skin)

Question 3

How is epithelium structured?

Answer 3

Sheets of cells held together by a basement membrane, containing little non-cellular material (as suppose to connective tissue that has lots of fibrous tissue involved)

No blood supply, rely on diffusion for oxygen, nutrients

Joined by cell to cell junctions

Question 4

What are the three main criteria for classifying epithelia?

Answer 4

How many layers? One - simple, more - stratified

What shape is the cell? Flat/squamous, cuboid or columnar

Any specialisations on the free (apical) surface? Cilia, microvilli, keratin

Question 5

What epithelium would you find living alveoli in the lungs?

Answer 5

Simple squamous epithelium - thin surface for gas exchange

Question 6

What epithelium lines ducts? Eg kidney tubules

Answer 6

Simple cuboidal epithelium - regions that need to keep their shape

Question 7

What epithelium would you find in the gut?

Answer 7

Simple columnar epithelium - large surface area for absorption, contain microvilli to increase SA

Question 8

What is pseudo stratified epithelium?

Answer 8

It looks as though it is made of several layers but is only one layer of different sized sells

Question 9

What epithelium would you find lining the tubes of the respiratory tract?

Answer 9

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium - contains goblet cells that secrete mucus which traps dust and foreign particles. Cilia move the dust etc away from entering the system

Question 10

What is transitional epithelium?

Answer 10

Stratified, containing cells of different shapes, stretches easily.

Found in the bladder and other parts of the urinary tract

Question 11

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 11

Found where the surface is likely to suffer from friction/abrasion, with a lot of wear (tongue)

Question 12

What is the main difference between human tongue and skin?

Answer 12

Tongue is soft but skin has a thick layer of dead cells on the outside which becomes keratinised

Tigers tongue has keratinised structures used to help tear flesh from bone

Question 13

What forms as a response to repeated abrasion?

Answer 13

Corns and callouses on feet, vocal fold nodules, areas subject to larger amounts of repeated abrasion

Question 14

What epithelium covers vocal cords?

Answer 14

Stratified epithelium

Question 15

What is muscle tissue for?

Answer 15

Responsible for producing movement within the body

Question 16

Smooth muscle structure:

Answer 16

Uninuclear cells

Not striated

Not under voluntary control

Long, slow contraction (slow to tire)

Question 17

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 17

Viscera e.g in stomach, of the gut, urinary system, blood vessels, respiratory system, skin, endocrine system

Question 18

Striated muscle structure:

Answer 18

Fibres that are multi-nucleated: lots of energy

Striated

Voluntary

Fast contraction (tires quickly)

Question 19

Where is striated muscle found?

Answer 19

Skeletal muscles, diaphragm, upper part of oesophagus

Question 20

Cardiac muscle structure:

Answer 20

Uninuclear cells linked by intercalated discs that allow fast conduction through heart muscle

Striated

Not under voluntary control (does not tire)

Question 21

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Answer 21

In the wall of the heart, needs a constant blood supply provided through coronary arteries, otherwise die

Question 22

What are connective tissues for?

Answer 22

Support or packing

Question 23

Types of connective tissue?

Answer 23

Not so easily to classify: basic loose connective tissue, bone, cartilage, blood

Question 24

What is the structure of basic loose connective tissue?

Answer 24

A mesh of thin (flexible) elastin fibres and thick stronger collagen, interspersed with fibroblast cells which synthesise the fibres

Question 25

What are bone and cartilage for?

Answer 25

Support of the skeleton, contain specialised cells, collagen and other fibres

Question 26

What are the two ways of forming bones?

Answer 26

Endochondral bone replaces cartilage (vertebrae, limb bones, skull base)

Intramembranous bone forms directly in membranes/skin in the absence of cartilage (skull)

Question 27

What does ossify mean?

Answer 27

Turn into bone

Question 28

Why do babies have some resilience?

Answer 28

At birth there are still areas that have not ossified (large areas of cartilage remain) quite a bit of soft tissue present

Question 29

In an adult skeleton, where does cartilage remain?

Answer 29

In joints, ears, nose, respiratory system - trachea, larynx, connects ribs to sternum for breathing

Question 30

How can cartilage be modified?

Answer 30

By adding more elastic fibres (elastic cartilage - ears) or more collagen (fibrocartilage - joint discs between invertebrates)

Question 31

What are tendons?

Answer 31

Connective tissue between muscles and bones in which collagen fibres dominate (white, strong)

Question 32

What are ligaments?

Answer 32

Stretchy connective tissue high in elastic fibres that holds bones together, but allowing movement