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Anatomy Chapter 6 > Anatomy Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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2
Q

Epiphysis

A

end of a long bone

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3
Q

Osteoblast

A

bone forming cell

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4
Q

Osteoclast

A

Cell that breaks down bone

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5
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue

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6
Q

Channel at the center of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow

A

Medullary Cavity

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7
Q

Fossa

A

hollow or depression, as in a bone

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8
Q

Sinus

A

Chanel or cavity, such as paranasal sinuses in the skull bones

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9
Q

Foramen

A

opening or passageway, as into or through a bone

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10
Q

Articulation

A

A joint; an area of junction or union between two or more structures

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11
Q

Tendon

A

cord of regular dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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12
Q

Ligament

A

band of connective tissue that connects a bone to another bone; thickened portion or fold of the peritoneum that supports an organ or attaches to another organ

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13
Q

Fontanel

A

membranous area in the infant skull where bone has not yet formed; also spelled fontanelle; “soft spot”

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14
Q

Atlas

A

supports the head, the first vertebra

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15
Q

Axis

A

The second cervical vertebra; serves as a pivot when you turn your head from side to side

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16
Q

Sutures

A

type of joint in which bone surfaces are closely united, as in skull; stitch used in surgery to bring parts together

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17
Q

Process

A

a large projection of bone

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18
Q

Crest

A

a distinct border or ridge, often rough such as over the top of the hip bone

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19
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • Strong framework in which the body is constructed
  • Supports and protects all body structures
  • Bones work with muscles to produce movement at the joints
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20
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Location: In the spongy bone at the ends of long bones and at the center of other bones
Function: Manufactures blood cells

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21
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Location: Is found chiefly in the central cavities of the long bone.
Function: yellow marrow composed largely of fat; long bones of babies and children mostly have red marrow, reflecting their greater need for new blood cells

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22
Q

General Divisions of the Axial Skeleton

A
  • 80 bones

- bony framework of the head and the trunk

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23
Q

General Divisions of the Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • 126 bones
  • Extremities(limbs)
  • Shoulders
  • Hips
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24
Q

Structure of a Long Bone

A
  • The most familiar shape
  • the type of bone that makes up most of the appendicular skeleton
  • The long narrow shaft of this bone is called the diaphysis. At the center of the diaphysis is a medullary cavity, which contains bone marrow. Also has 2 irregular ends, a proximal and distal epiphysis
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25
Q

How the female pelvis differs from the male pelvis

A
  • Adapted for childbirth and pregnancy
  • It is lighter in weight
  • The ilia are wider and more flared
  • The pubic arch, the anterior angle between the pubic bones is wider
  • The pelvic inlet, the upper opening, bordered by the pubic joint and sacrum, is wider and more rounded
  • The pelvic outlet, the lower opening, bordered by the pubic joint and coccyx, is larger
  • The sacrum and coccyx, are shorter and less curved
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26
Q

Infant Fontanels

A

Purpose: These flexible regions allow the skull to compress and change shape during the birth process. They also allow for rapid brain growth during infancy

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27
Q

Synarthrosis Joint

A

-immovable
-fibrous; no joint cavity; fibrous connective tissue between bones
Ex. Sutures between skull bones

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28
Q

Amphiarthrosis Joint

A

-slightly movable
-no joint cavity; cartilage (sometime fibrous tissue) between bones
Ex. pubic symphysis; joints between vertebral bodies

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29
Q

Diarthrosis Joint

A

-freely movable
-joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Ex. gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket joints

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30
Q

Ethmoid bone

A
  • a light, fragile bone located between the eyes
  • it forms a part of the medial wall of the eye orbit, a small portion of the cranial floor, and most of the nasal cavity roof.
  • forms the superior and middle nasal conchae
  • ethmoid houses several air cells, comprising some of the paranasal sinuses.
  • a thin, platelike, downward extension of this bone (the perpendicular plate) forms much of the nasal septum, the midline partition of the nose
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31
Q

Sphenoid bone

A
  • from a superior view, resembles a bat with its wings extended
  • lies at the base of the skull anterior to the temporal bones
  • forms part of the eye orbit
  • contains sphenoid sinuses
  • contains a depression called sella turcica, literally meaning “Turkish saddle”, that holds and protects the pituitary gland like a saddle
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32
Q

Temporal

A
  • The 2 temporal bones contribute to the sides and the base of the skull
  • 2 temporal bones are inferior to the 2 parietal bones
  • each contains one ear canal, eardrum, and the ear’s entire middle and inner portions
  • The mastoid process is of the temporal bone
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33
Q

Parietal

A
  • The 2 parietal bones form most of the top and the side walls of the cranium
  • forms most of the top and sides of skull
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34
Q

Zygomatic (zygoma)

A
  • The 2 zygomatic bones,one on each side, form the prominences of the cheeks
  • The zygomatic forms an arch over the cheek with a process of the temporal bone
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35
Q

Mandible

A
  • lower jaw bone

- The skulls only moveable bone

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36
Q

Maxillae (maxilla)

A
  • The 2 maxillae bones fuse in the midline to form the upper jaw bone, including the anterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth)
  • each maxilla contains a large air space, called the maxillary sinus, that communicates with the nasal cavity
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37
Q

Lacrimal

A
  • The 2 lacrimal bones
  • each about the size of a fingernail
  • form the anterior medial wall of each orbital cavity
38
Q

Vomer

A
  • shaped like the blade of a plow

- forms the inferior part of the nasal septum

39
Q

Frontal

A
  • the frontal bone forms the forehead, the anterior of the skulls roof, and the roof of the eye orbit
  • The frontal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities (paranasal sinuses)
40
Q

Occipital

A

-forms the skulls posterior portion and part of its base

41
Q

Hyoid

A
  • just below the mandible (lower jaw), a single horseshoe or U shaped bone
  • tongue and other muscles are attached
42
Q

Nasal

A

-lie side by side, forming the bridge of the nose

43
Q

Atlas

A
  • The first vertebra

- supports the head

44
Q

Axis

A
  • second cervical vertebra

- serves as a pivot when you turn your head from side to side

45
Q

Sternum

A

-breast bone

46
Q

Clavicle

A
  • collar bone
  • slender bone with 2 shallow curves
  • joins the sternum anteriorly and the scapula laterally and helps to support the shoulder
47
Q

Scapula

A
  • shoulder blade (is shown in anterior and posterior views
  • the spine of the scapula is the posterior raised ridge that can be felt behind the shoulder in the upper portion of the back
48
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • 7
  • C1 to C7
  • located in the neck
49
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • 12
  • T1 to T12
  • larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae and have a longer spinous process that points downward
  • the posterior ends of the 12 pairs of ribs are attached to the transverse processes of these vertebrae
50
Q

Manubrium

A
  • the superior portion of the sternum is a roughly triangular manubrium that joins laterally on the right and left clavicle ( collar bone)
  • laterally and inferiorly joins the the anterior ends of the first pair of ribs
  • joins the body of the sternum , there is a slight elevation, the sternal angle
51
Q

Xiphoid process

A
  • a small tip in the inferior end of the sternum
  • cartilage in youth, bone in adult
  • the land mark for cpr
52
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • 5
  • L1 to L5
  • Larger and heavier than the vertebrae superior to them and can support more weight
  • all of their processes are shorter and thicker
53
Q

Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)

A
  • 5 separate bones in the child that eventually fuse into one bone called the sacrum, in the adult
  • wedges between the 2 hip bones, the sacrum completes the posterior part of the bony pelvis
54
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae

A
  • consist of 4 or 5 tiny bones in the child.

- these later fuse to form a single bone, the coccyx, or tail bone, in the adult

55
Q

Ilium

A
  • forms the upper, flared portion
  • the Iliac crest is the curved rim along the iliums superior border
  • most prominent is the anterior superior iliac spine, which is often used a surface landmark in diagnosis and treatment
56
Q

Ischium

A
  • the lowest and the strongest part
  • the ischial spine at the posterior of the pelvic outlet is used as a reference point during child birth to indicate the progress of the presenting part (usually the babies head)) down the birth canal
  • ischial tuberosity, which helps support the trunks weight when a person sits down
57
Q

Pubis

A

Forms the anterior part is the os coxae

58
Q

Pubic symphysis

A
  • the joint formed by the union of the 2 hip bones anteriorly
  • this joint becomes more flexible late in pregnancy to allow for passage of the baby’s head during child birth
59
Q

True ribs

A
  • The first seven pairs

- those that attach directly to the sternum by means of cartilage

60
Q

False Ribs

A

The remaining 5 pairs of ribs

-the 8th, 9th and 10th attach to the cartilage of the rib above

61
Q

Floating Ribs

A

The last 2 pairs of ribs have no anterior attachment at all

62
Q

Patella

A
  • kneecap
  • embedded in the tendon of the large anterior thigh muscle, the quadriceps femoris, where it crosses the knee joint
  • it is an example of a sesamoid bone, a type of bone that develops within a tendon or joint capsule
63
Q

Humerus

A
  • the proximal bone in the arm

- arm bone

64
Q

Ulna

A
  • forearm

- lies on the side with the pinky finger

65
Q

Radius

A
  • forearm

- side of the thumb

66
Q

Carpals

A
  • the wrist contains 8 small carpal bones
  • at the heel of the hand
  • distal ends of ulna and radius
67
Q

Metacarpals

A
  • the framework for the palm of each hand

- rounded distal ends for the knuckles

68
Q

Phalanges (hand)

A
  • 14 phalanges in each hand
  • 2 in the thumb and 3 for each finger
  • individual is called phalanx
  • proximal, middle and distal
69
Q

Tarsals

A

-7 tarsal bones associated with the ankle and foot

70
Q

Metatarsal bones

A
  • 5 bones

- form the framework of the instep, and the heads of these bones for the ball of the foot

71
Q

Phalanges (foot)

A
  • counter parts of those in the fingers

- 3 in each toe, except the great toe which has 2

72
Q

Fibula

A
  • does not reach the knee joint
  • is not a weight bearing bone
  • slender
73
Q

Tibia

A
  • Shin bone

- on the side of the big toe

74
Q

Femur

A
  • thigh bone

- longest and strongest bone in the body

75
Q

Greater trochanter

A

The large lateral projection near the head of the femur. Usher as a surface landmark. Movements indicate a degree of hip mobility

76
Q

Lesser trochanter

A

A smaller elevation, is located on the medial side of the femur

77
Q

Linea aspera

A
  • a point of attachment for hip muscles

- on the posterior side of the femur, is a long central ridge

78
Q

Calcaneus

A
  • heel bone

- the largest of the tarsal bones

79
Q

Medial Malleolus

A

Is a downward projection at the tibias distal end; it forms the prominence on the inner aspect of the ankle

80
Q

Lateral Malleolus

A

At the fibulas distal end, forms the prominence on the outer aspect of the ankle

81
Q

Mastoid Process

A
  • of the temporal bone, projects downward immediately behind the outer ear
  • it is a place for muscle attachments and contains air cells ( spaces) that make up the mastoid sinus
82
Q

Ossicles

A
  • 3 tiny bones

- in each middle ear

83
Q

Olecranon

A

A process that the point of the elbow

84
Q

Acetabulum

A

The deep socket that holds the head of the femur (thigh bone) to form the hip joint

85
Q

Obturator foramen

A

The largest foramina in the entire body are found near the anterior of each hip bone and on either side of the pubic symphysis

86
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  • form a sturdy framework for the entire body
  • protect delicate structures, such as the brain and spinal cord
  • work as levers with attached muscles to produce movement
  • store calcium salts, which may be resorbed into the blood if calcium is needed
  • produce blood cells(in the red marrow)
87
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

bone tissue

-hardest form of connective tissue

88
Q

Matrix

A

Bones hardness and strength reflect the compnents of the matrix, the material between the living bone cells and in calcium salts. This material is rich in collagen.

89
Q

Acromion process

A

Is that process that joins the clavicle in the scapula

90
Q

Factors that influence bone growth and maintenance

A
  • hormones
  • vitamin D
  • sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

Anatomy Chapter 6 (1 decks)

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