Anatomy CLINICAL Flashcards
(34 cards)
An extradural hematoma - is characterised by?
- shape of bleed
- Location of bleed
- structure that likely causes bleed - where is this found
- clinical treatment
Lemon - spreads out
Pushes the dura IN
above the dural layer - between the skull and the dura mater
Arterial - middle meningeal artery (external carotid - maxillary branch) (region of pterion)
- emergency surgery, to relieve pressure - BURR HOLES
An subdural hematoma - is characterised by?
- shape of bleed
- Location of bleed
- structure that likely causes bleed
- clinical treatment
- shape - banana
- location: SUBDURAL SPACE (dura and arachnoid)
- veins (puncture of vein) -torn Cerebral veins where they enter the superior sagittal sinus
- clinical treatment: dependent on severity
Cavernous sinus thrombosis?
What runs through the cavernous sinus?
Infection of the sinuses (frontal and ethmoid)
Internal arotid artery
Cranial nerve 3, 4, (5Vi - opthalmic, Vii - maxillary) 6
Superior saggital sinus
Location
Direction of drainage
SST -causes and presentation
Between layers or endosteal and meningeal dura
drains posteriorly into straight sinus
Causes -Hypercoagulable states
Pregnancy
dehydration
Symptoms-Headaches , paralysis , bleeding to death
Where does middle meningeal artery pass through
Foramen spinosum
Cause of a headache
Stretching of dura
What is hydrocephalus
What are the 2 types
Obstructive -cerebral aqueduct
Non obstructive
At level would you do a lumbar puncture
At level does spinal cord end in adults
At what level does Spinal cord end in children
L4
L1-2
Paeds L3
The epidural space is filled with
Semiliquid fat and venous plexus
What is radiculopathy
Common Cause
What structure does it compress
Sensory or motor disturbance
pathology of nerve root
Disc herniation and compression of dural sac
The paracentral lobule is associated with which area of the body
Where is it found
Genitals and lower limb
Underneath central sulcus
A lesion pf pre central gyrus/post central will lead to
Contralateral hemiparesis
Contralateral hemisensory
Wide spread degeneration of cerebral cortex -what is the common pathology
Dementia
what is the function of wernickes area?
where is it found?
how is it connected to brocas area?
Lesion in wernickes causes?
Wernickes area - sitatuated next to the primary auditory area - plays a role in UNDERSTANDING speech (sensory aspect of speech)
Connected via the articulate fasciculus
lesion in wernickes
- able to hear speech
- cannot understand speech
- no comprehension
- patient will reply in random speech
what is the function of broca’s area?
where is it found?
how is it connected to wernickes area?
Lesion in brocas causes?
Function: motor component of speech, form the speech -
Found: above the lateral sulcus
Connected: articulate fasciculus
Lesion: can hear and understand but will not be able to reply/find the words to articulate speech
What is wernickes’ aphasia
Inability to
What is frontal lobe syndrome ?
Lack of executive function
Lack of judgement
Inappropriate behaviour -anger
Disinhibition
Which of the following skull base foramina is NOT found on the greater wing of the sphenoid
1.optic foramen of the optic canal
2.foramen ovale
3.foramen rotundum
4.foramen spinosum
5.foramen Vesalii
Explanation
The optic foramen perforates the base of the lesser wing at its attachment to the body of the sphenoid. This transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery, which traverse the lesser wing through the optic canal.
While the foramen Vesalii is variant and usually unilateral, when it is present, it is found on the greater wing of the sphenoid
What are the correct skull base foramina for the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve, respectively?
- foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum
- inferior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale
- superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale
- superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, sphenopalatine foramen
Explanation. 3
Superior orbital fissure for the ophthalmic division, foramen rotundum for the maxillary division, and foramen ovale for the mandibular division. Foramen spinosum is for the middle meningeal artery.
All the following foramina are located in the middle cranial fossa EXCEPT…
1. foramen caecum
2. foramen lacerum
3. foramen ovale
4. foramen rotundum
5. foramen spinosum
The foramen caecum is located in the anterior cranial fossa and represents a primitive tract between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal space. It is located anterior to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and posterior to the frontal bone, within the frontoethmoidal suture. It lies at a variable distance anterior to the crista galli.
All other foramina mentioned in the question are located in the middle cranial fossa.
Which of the following foramina is located in the posterior cranial fossa?
1. jugular foramen
2. foramen lacerum
3. foramen ovale
4. foramen rotundum
5. foramen spinosum
Explanation
The jugular foramen is located between the petrous temporal bone and the occipital bone. it is divided into two parts by a fibrous or bony septum, called the jugular spine. The anteromedial part is smaller, called pars nevrosa and the posterolateral part is larger called pars vascularis.
All the other mentioned foramina are located in the middle cranial fossa.
https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/52756480/3c894e52ce4dc33a970747103fde50_big_gallery.jpeg
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (V2)
otic ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion
Vidian artery and nerve
Explanation
The structure indicated by the blue arrow represents the Vidian canal, which transmits the Vidian artery and nerve.
Which of the following foramen is located in the anterior cranial fossa?
1. foramen caecum
2. foramen lacerum
3. foramen ovale
4. foramen rotundum
5. foramen spinosum
Explanation
The foramen caecum is located in the anterior cranial fossa, anterior to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and posterior to the frontal bone, within the frontoethmoidal suture. All other foramina mentioned in the question are located in the middle cranial fossa.
What are the causes for primary brain haemorrhage
Rupture of aneurysm
Hypertension
Bleeding after cerebral infarction
