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clinical methods > Anatomy Exam 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Volume and pressure are inversely related. Ex: Volume increases, pressure decreases. Volume decreases, pressure increases.

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2
Q

Transverse

A

divides lower and upper half

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3
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

Pressure outside the body.

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4
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides left and right

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5
Q

Ventral vs Dorsal

A

Pertaining to belly. Pertaining to back of body

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6
Q

Sequence of events for inspiration.

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises)
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases.
  3. lungs stretched; alveolar volume increases.
  4. alveolar (pulmonic) pressure drops.
  5. Air flows into the lungs until pressure is equalized.
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7
Q

Anterior vs posterior

A

Front and Back

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8
Q

Cranial vs caudal

A

Towards the skull vs towards the tail

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9
Q

Superior vs inferior

A

Above vs below

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10
Q

Sequence of events for inspiration.

A
  1. expiratory muscles contract (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends)
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases.
  3. elastic lungs recoil; alveolar volume decreases.
  4. alveolar (pulmonic) pressure rises.
  5. air flows out of the lungs until alveolar pressure is o.
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11
Q

Proximal vs distal

A

Towards the origin vs away from origin

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12
Q

Respiratory Cycle

A

One cycle is one inspiration and one expiration.

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13
Q

Medial vs lateral

A

toward midline vs away from midline

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14
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

The volume of air exchanged during one cycle of respiration.

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15
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expelled following passive, tidal expiration.

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16
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration.
(Also known as resting lung volume)

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17
Q

Superficial vs deep

A

Closer to surface vs further from surface

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18
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

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19
Q

Dead Air Space

A

Air in the conductive passageway of the respiratory system that never undergoes gas exchange.

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20
Q

External vs internal

A

Outside vs within body

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21
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Total volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration.
IRV+TV+ERV

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22
Q

Flexion

A

Bending at a joint toward ventral surface

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23
Q

Extension

A

Act of pulling 2 ends further apart (opposite of flexion)

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24
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

The volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration.
ERV+RV

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25
Hyperextension
Extending too much
26
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration. TV+IRV
27
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
The sum of all of the volumes. TV+IRV+ERV+RV
28
Five pressures for nonspeech and speech function.
1. Alveolar pressure 2. intrapleural pressure 3. subglottal pressure 4. intraoral pressure 5. atmospheric pressure
29
Alveolar (pulmonic) Pressure
Pressure that is present within individual alveolus
30
Intrapleural Pressure
Pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleura. It is negative throughout respiration.
31
Subglottal Pressure
Pressure beneath the level of the vocal folds (glottis).
32
Intraoral (mouth) pressure
The pressure within the oral cavity.
33
Pressure changes during inspiration
1. lung volume increases 2. alveolar pressure decreases 3. subglottal pressure decreases 4. intraoral pressure decreases 5. intrapleural pressure decreases
34
Pressure changes during expiration
1. lung volume decreases 2. alveolar pressure increases 3. subglottal pressure increases 4. intraoral pressure increases 5. intrapleural pressure increases
35
Pressure when the vocal folds are open
subglottal and intraoral pressures are equal to alveolar pressure
36
Plantar
Referring to the sole of the foot, ventral surface
37
Pressure when the vocal folds are closed
subglottal pressure increases and intraoral pressure drops to near atmospheric pressure
38
Pressures of speech during normal respiration.
inhalation takes up 40% of the cycle and expiration 60%.
39
Plantar flexion
Extension of the toes
40
Dorsiflexion
Elevation of upper surface of foot, dorsal surface
41
pressures of speech during speech.
you spend only 10% of the cycle on inspiration and about 90% on breathing out.
42
Transversus Thoracis
Function: depresses rib cage Origin: inner thoracic lateral margin of sternum Insertion: Inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6
43
Plantar grasp reflex
Reaction to stimulation of the sole of the foot that causes toes to grasp
44
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
45
Eversion
Turning foot outward
46
Palmar
Palm of hand, ventral surface
47
Subcostals
Function: depresses thorax Origin: inner posterior thorax Insertion: inner surface of 2nd or 3rd rib below
48
Palmar grasp reflex
Fingers flex in response to palm stroke
49
Serratus posterior inferior
Function: contraction pulls the rib cage down supporting expiratory effort origin: spinous processes of T11, T12, L1-L3 Insertion: lower margin of ribs 7-12
50
Pronation
Palms facing down in prone position
51
Latissimus Dorsi
Function: compresses the lower rib cage wall origin: lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae insertion: humerus
52
Lateral iliocostalis thoracis
Function: helps to stabilize the back of the rib cage wall origin: upper edges of R7-R12 Insertion: lower edges of R1-R6
53
Supination
Palms facing up in supine position
54
Lateral Iliocostalis lumborum.
Function: depresses the lower six ribs Origin: lumbodorsal fascia, lumbar vertebrae, and posterior surface of coxal bone insertion: lower edges of R7-R12
55
Abduction
open
56
Adduction
closed
57
Depressor
Pulls structure downward
58
External oblique abdominis
Function: (1)rotates and flexes trunk (2) compresses the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen ￿ Origin: osseous portion of the lower seven ribs ￿ Insertion: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, abdominal aponeurosis
59
Internal Oblique Abdominis
Function: (1)rotates and flexes trunk (2) compresses the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen ￿ Origin: inguinal ligament and iliac crest ￿ Insertion: cartilaginous portion of lower ribs and portion of abdominal aponeurosis
60
Levator
Elevates raises structure
61
Rectus Abdominis
Function: (1)flexion of vertebral column (2) compresses the abdomen Origin: pubis inferiorly insertion: xiphoid process and cartilage of ribs 5-7
62
Transversus abdominis
Function: compresses abdomen origin: posterior abdominal wall at the vertebral column insertion: transversus abdominis aponeurosis and inner surface of ribs 6-12
63
Tensor
Tenses structure
64
Epithelial cells
Cover surfaces and form barriers
65
Quadratus Lumborum
Function: bilateral contraction fixes the abdominal wall in support of abdominal compression origin: iliac crest Insertion: transerve processes of the lumbar vertebrae and rib 12
66
Muscle Cells
Produce mechanical forces
67
Connective tissue
Form and secrete support elements
68
diaphragm
Primary muscle used in respiration.
69
Nerve cells
Transmit information
70
Epithelial glandular and ciliated (purpose)
glandular- secretes fluids. Ciliated- baseplate or basement underlies epithelial tissue
71
Connective (Purpose)
fascia- sheet like membrane of connective tissue that surrounds organs Tendon- muscle to bone or cartilage Ligament- bone to bone. Organ to organ Cartilage-tensile strength, elasticity, 4 types Bone- hardest connective tissue Blood- plasma and blood cells suspended in the matrix
72
External Intercostal
Function: elevates rib cage Origin: inferior surface of ribs 1-11 Insertion: upper surface of rib immediately below
73
Muscular types
Striated- moves skeletal structures Smooth- digestive tract and blood vessels Cardiac- composed of cells that interconnect like net Origin- proximal closer to midline Insertion- distal
74
Pectoralis Major
Function: elevates sternum and thus increases the transverse dimension of the ribcage origin: sternum and clavicle insertion: humerus
75
Pectoralis Minor
Function: increases transverse dimension of rib cage Origin: anterior surface of ribs 3-5 near chondral portion insertion: scapula
76
Serratus anterior
Function: elevates ribs 1-9 origin: ribs 1-9, lateral surface insertion: scapula
77
Subclavius
Function: elevates rib 1 Origin: inferior surface of clavicle Insertion: superior surface of rib 1 at chondral margin
78
Sternocleidomastoid
Function: flexes the neck and helps with movement of the head. Origin: central portion of the collarbone Insertion: temporal bone's mastoid process near the ear and the base of the skull
79
Agonist vs antagonist
muscles that move a structure vs muscles that oppose a movement
80
81
Neural tisssue
Transmits info
82
Organs for speech and hearing
Brain Bronchi Ears Lungs Larynx Mouth Nose Tongue Trachea
83
Systems for speech and hearing
Respiratory Phonatory Articulatory Resonatory Nervous Auditory Vesibular
84
Cervical vertebra
supports the head 7 total
85
Atlas and axis vertebrae
Holds base of skull Allows “no” movement

clinical methods (4 decks)

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