Anatomy Exam #1 study Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What is biology the study of?
A
Life
2
Q
Anabolic Reactions
A
Build something (bigger muscle)
3
Q
Catabolic Reactions
A
Breaking something down
4
Q
Excretion
A
Happens through breathing and sweat
5
Q
Afference is
A
Sensing something
6
Q
General Senses are
A
Physical feeling (touch)
7
Q
Special senses
A
use special organs (vision, hearing, taste)
8
Q
Efference is
A
Movement
9
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment.
10
Q
Gradient is
A
a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points.
11
Q
cubital
A
Elbow
12
Q
popliteal
A
back of the knee
13
Q
Chemicals flow down
A
concentration gradients
14
Q
Charge particles flow down
A
electrical gradients
15
Q
heat flows down
A
thermal gradients
16
Q
what type of reproduction is cloning?
A
Mitosis
17
Q
Mitosis
A
When a single cell divides into two identical cells, maintaining the same genetic information.
18
Q
Meiosis
A
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms.
19
Q
What does meiosis result in?
A
results in the formation of cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, leading to the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells) with genetic diversity.
20
Q
What type of feedback is usually used to maintain homeostasis?
A
Negative feedback
21
Q
Anatomy is the study of
A
form
22
Q
Physiology is the study of
A
function
23
Q
Embryology is
A
the branch of biology that studies the development of embryos.
24
Q
Fetology
A
a branch of medical science concerned with the study and treatment of the fetus in the uterus.
25
Scientist must be
ethical
26
What kind of study was the olestra potato chip experiment?
Randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trail.
27
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
A negative feedback mechanism is a regulatory process in which the output of a system dampens or counteracts changes to the system, maintaining stability or homeostasis.
28
what is positive feedback?
a regulatory mechanism in which the output of a system amplifies or reinforces a change, rather than counteracting it.
29
Oxytocin is
a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, particularly in the reproductive system.
30
Asexual Reproduction
a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism.
31
Sexual reproduction
involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells (gametes) from two parent organisms.
32
Gametes are
reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)
33
Deductive reasoning
is a logical process where specific conclusions are drawn from general principles or premises.
34
Which type of reasoning was developed by Renee Descartes?
Deductive.
35
Inductive Reasoning
is a logical process in which specific observations or evidence are used to make generalizations or draw probable conclusions.
36
Fitness means
ability to produce survivable offspring.
37
Natural Selection is
a key mechanism in the process of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin.
38
What happens to the organisms that lack a genetic variation?
they will be diminished or become extinct.
39
Biochemical Unity has
DNA, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
40
Movement in the opposite direction is
up the gradient (movement in this direction requires spending metabolic energy)
41
Matter and energy tend to flow
down gradients
42
Solution
Solutes in a solvent
43
acid is
proton donor (releases H+ into water)
44
base is
proton acceptor (accepts H+
45
Chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
46
Glycogen
is a polysaccharide found in some human cells, (it is a storage form of glucose) (starch in plants)
47
Cellulose is
most abundant organic compound on earth-tons of glucose linked together. however we have no enzyme to digest it. major structural component in plants.
48
T/F water is a major solvent
True
49
two main components of cell membrane
lipids and proteins
50
main component of cell membrane
phospholipids
51
T/F phospholipids are used to make cell membrane
True
52
T/F cells do not have a wall
True
53
what percentage of cell membrane is lipid?
98%
54
phospholipid bi-layer has how many layers?
2
55
what percentage of the membrane is phospholipid?
75%
56
membrane characteristics
soft and squishy and mainly phospholipids
57
what percentage of the membrane is cholesterol?
20%
58
membrane is 5% what?
glycolipids (help form glycocalyx) (sugar coat)
59
the remaining 2% of cell membrane is what?
protein
60
T/F phospholipid membranes are self-sealing and fusing
True
61
receptor
receiver (poisons/toxins block this)
62
Enzymes control
reactions
63
Channel
passive, lets stuff in and out of cells (designed to let only certain things in)
64
Gated channel
lets stuff out
65
Cell Identity marker is
Surface Antigens. ID badges
66
Cell-adhesion Molecule is
How we stick one cell together without letting phospholipids stick together.
67
T/F Epitheliums have a lot of adhesion molecules
True
68
In an Isotonic ECM Solution, an increase in turgor may lead to what?
Hemolysis
69
A high concentration (H+) in a Solution corresponds to low or high pH on the pH scale?
Low pH
70
ICF solutions are located
Inside the cell
71
ECF Solutions are located
Outside the cell
72
The major solvent inside and outside our cells is
water
73
the Polarity of lipids:
Hydro-, gives rise to a Lipid Bilayer for a membrane
74
Transmembrane proteins
are embedded within the membrane
75
Peripheral proteins
are only associated with the membrane.
76
What percentage of the membrane is protein?
1-2%
77
ATP is
Adenosine Triphosphate
78
Our main energy molecule is
ATP
79
due to common ancestry, all cells are what?
Similar
80
T/F cilia are much larger than microvilli
True
81
Diffusion is
the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
82
Osmosis is
a specific type of diffusion involving water molecules.
83
Passive transport makes use of
Concentration Gradients
84
Selectively Permeable membrane
allows certain substances to pass through while restricting the passage of others
85
In an isotonic ECM solution, Cells are what?
Homeostatic
86
In a Hypertonic ECM Solution, Cells...
Dehydrate aka Crenation
87
Sodium element
NA
88
Potassium element
K
89
The NA-K pump
2 K+ in, 3 NA+ out (+=ions)
90
Filtration
Movement of water and solutes through a selectively permeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure.
91
Cytoskeletal components are
proteins
92
Nucleoli make rRNA for
ribosomes
93
Storage form of glucose is
Glycogen
94
Secondary Energy source
Lipid
95
How many chromosomes does the nucleus have?
46
96
free ribos
make proteins for inside the cell
97
rER makes
phospholipids
98
sER
workbench for synthesis of lipids and steroids.
99
Golgi Complex
Synthesizes Carbos and serves as a Workbench for Protein Mod
100
Autophagy
the cells recycling system
101
autolysis
self-destruction
102
lysosomes perform
autophagy and autolysis
103
Apotosis
a programmed and regulated form of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
104
Necrosis
a type of cell death characterized by a premature and uncontrolled breakdown of cells in living tissue.
105
peroxisomes
use O2 to oxidize organics.
106
Proteasomes
Dispose of proteins
107
the mitochondria synthesizes
ATP from glucose and oxygen
108
what is the function of golgi?
to modify protein
109
What field of anatomy studies tissue
Histology
110
what type of anatomy is seen with the naked eye?
Gross Anatomy
111
Axial region consist of
head , neck, and trunk
112
Thoracic region
Trunk
113
abdominal region located
below the thoracic region
114
appendicular region
upper and lower limbs
115
brachial region
arm
116
ante-brachial region
forearm
117
upper limbs include
arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers
118
Carpal region
Wrist
119
fingers
digits
120
Lower limbs include
Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes
121
Femoral region
thigh
122
crural region
leg
123
Tarsal region
ankle
124
toes
digits
125
A segment of a limb is
a region between one joint and the next
126
Element O
Oxygen
127
Element H
Hydrogen
128
Element C
Carbon
129
Element Ca
Calcium
130
Element N
Nitrogen
131
Element Na
Sodium
132
Element K
Potassium
133
Element Fe
Iron
134
135
The 8 steps to scientific method
1)observe
2)ask questions
3)collect date
4)form hypotheses
5)experiment
6)tabulate results
7)state conclusions
8)share (peer review)
136
Darwin saw
1) there is a great variation within a species
2) the variations he studied were heritable
3)competition for food, water, safe living space, mates, etc. prevents overpopulation.
