Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
What connects the frontal and the occipital to each other?
A
Epicranial Aponeurosis
2
Q
what is the function of the frontalis?
A
raising the eyebrows
3
Q
what is the action of the temporalis?
A
it is going to elevate the mandible and it does not provide most of the support
4
Q
what is the action of the orbicularis oculi?
A
blinking and squinting
5
Q
what is the action of the orbicularis oris?
A
compress the lips; this is how you kiss
6
Q
what is the action of the zygomaticus major?
A
elevate the angle of your mouth (smiling muscle)
7
Q
what is the most superficial muscle of the neck?
A
platysma
8
Q
what is the most deep muscle of your cheek?
A
Buccinator
9
Q
what is the function of the masseter?
A
elevates the mandible and provides most of the force
10
Q
what muscle is the most superficial cheek muscle?
A
risorius
11
Q
what muscles mack up the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
A
sternum, clavicle, mastoid
12
Q
what does insertions mean?
A
when a muscle contracts, what is moving?
13
Q
what is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
A
moves the mastoid
14
Q
what are the origins of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
A
the manubrium and the clavicle
15
Q
what is the most posterior muscle of the neck?
A
trapezius
16
Q
what does the digastric muscle do?
A
opens your mouth
17
Q
what makes up the floor of the mouth?
A
mylohyoid
18
Q
where are the pterygoids located?
A
on the medial aspect of the mandible (back of the mouth)
19
Q
what is the function of pterygoids?
A
eating
20
Q
what separates the two hemispheres?
A
the longitudinal fissure
21
Q
what connects the two hemispheres
A
corpus collosum
22
Q
what is the corpus collosum made out of?
A
white matter
23
Q
what is the function of caudate nucleus?
A
Subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands
24
Q
what is the function of lentiform nucleus?
A
Subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands
25
what is the function of claustrum?
plays a role in the subconscious processing of visual information
26
what is the function of amygdaloid body?
component of limbic system
27
what does efferent mean?
away
28
what does afferent mean?
towards
29
what is the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe?
precentral gyrus
30
what is the function of the frontal lobe?
concentration, verbal, communication, decision
31
what is the function of the partial lobe?
touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
32
what is the function of the prefrontal lobe?
predicting outcomes, predicting events, personality, consequences mortality, not fully developed until early 20's
33
someone had a stroke and they can't feel their right leg. What part of the brain is affected?
the right parietal lobe
34
what is the function of the Basal Nuclei?
involved with subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns
35
Parkinson's disease is a disease of what?
the substance nigra
36
what is Parkinson's disease?
an age-related degenerative brain condition, meaning it causes parts of your brain to deteriorate. Nerve cell damage in the brain causes dopamine levels to drop.
37
what is Huntingtons disease?
a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain Usually, this disease results in progressive movement, thinking (cognitive), and psychiatric symptoms.
38
what is processes propioception?
knowing where your body is in space
39
what are the cerebellum functions?
processes proprioception, processes equilibrium and balance, coordinates repetitive movements, predicts objects in space
40
what is another name for diencephalon?
reptile brain
41
where is the third ventricle?
space between the thalami and within the hypothalamus
42
what does the hypothalamus look like?
a crema colored funnel structure
43
where is the pineal gland?
the bump posterior to the thalamus
44
what are all the structure in the diencephalon?
right and left thalamus, 3rd ventricle, inter thalamic adhesion, hypothalamus, maxillary body, infundibulum, pituitary gland, pineal gland
45
where is the inter thalamic adhesion?
the dot in the middle of the thalamus
46
what are the boob like structures in the diencephalon?
maxillary body
47
does the thalamus have grey matter or white?
grey
48
what does the thalamus do?
it is a gateway for nearly all sensory information to the cerebral cortex
49
which system is the thalamus located?
in the limbic system
50
what is habituation?
Where you ignore inconsequential stimuli and u only receive a little bit sensory information (throws away half of it) it filters out useless information (you don’t constantly think about your hair moving on your arms till you get the signal enough times.)
51
what is circadian rhythm?
your sleep cycle
52
what are the functions of the hypothalamus?
hormone production, autonomic NS (thermoregulation, hunger, satiety, thirst), circadian rhythm, emotional behavior (anger, aggression, fear, pleasure, sex drive)
53
where are all your base emotions?
hypothalamus
54
the movie inside out is like what structure of the diencephalon?
hypothalamus. Think of the little characters sitting at their desk in the hypothalamus.
55
what is the difference between the hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex?
the prefrontal cortex can control your emotions better. Think of Joy calming Anger down in the movie Inside out.
56
where do a lot of unconscious signals come from ?
the hypothalamus
57
what hormone does the pineal gland release?
melatonin
58
what are seasonal rhythms?
signals from the optic nerve that goes to the pineal gland and it measures the amount of light you are seeing, which it then can tell what season it is.
59
what are all the functions of the pineal gland?
produces melatonin, daily circadian rhythms, seasonal rhythmic cycles, and SAD (seasonal affected disorder)
60
the structures of the cerebrum of the diencephalon are apart of what system?
limbic system
61
what is an important role of the limbic system?
emotions and learning
62
what are the gratification centers?
centers for pleasure and reward. they are a mass of grey matter and when this matter is stimulated, it gives you a good, happy, high feeling (seeing someone you like is an example)
63
what are the aversion centers?
centers for fear and sorrow. They are a mass of grey matter and when stimulated, it gives you a sense of dread and sadness (someone is making fun of you is an example)
64
where is the hippocampus?
inferior to the lateral ventricles
65
what does the hippocampus do?
This structure organizes sensory and cognitive information into short-term memory (here and now). It also repeats memory to other areas of the cerebral cortex for long-term memories
66
what is a way to remember the function of the hippocampus?
think: "hippos have short-term memory and won't do well on campus"
67
what does the amygdaloid body do?
links memories to emotions and long-term memory and emotional balance
68
where is the amygdaloid body located?
anterior to the hippocampus
69
what is the limbic lobe of the cerebral cortex involved with?
long-term memory
70
where is the cingulate gyrus?
sits above the corpus callosum
71
where is the parahippocapal?
inferior portion that covers the hippocampus
72
where is the hippocampus?
within the dentate gyrus
73
what is the fornix?
a tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus
74
what are some more functions of the prefrontal cortex?
social judgement, intent and control over expression of emotions
75
what is the role of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
relays information to cingulate gyrus
76
what does the brainstem surround?
cerebral aqueduct
77
what do the corpora quadrigemina do (superior and inferior colliculus)?
process sight, sound, and associated reflexes
78
what does the superior colliculus do?
causes a startling reflex turning towards movement in peripheral view
79
what does the inferior colliculus do?
causes a startling reflex turning head towards loud sounds
80
what maintains consciousness?
reticular activation center
80
what maintains consciousness?
reticular activation center
81
what does the pons connect?
it connects the cerebellum to the brain stem
82
what does the pons do?
rate and depth of breathing
83
what is the most inferior structure of the brain stem?
the medulla oblongata
84
what does the medulla oblongata connect to?
the spinal cord
85
most autonomic functions are controlled by what?
medulla oblongata. (controls rhythmic breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion etc.)
86
T or F: you can live without the medulla oblongata.
False; you cannot live without the medulla oblongata (MO)
87
what is rhythmic breathing?
where the signals going to the inspiratory muscles originate from. the MO sends signals to breath in. Those signals fatigue, and you breath out. The signals will then start over again.
88
T or F: the pons tells the MO to breath faster and shallower, and slower and deeper.
True
89
what is the reticular formation?
a structure in the brainstem that carry out the lower brain functions controlling most of the autonomic functions.
90
what is the reticular activating system?
it controls consciousness, alertness versus sleepiness, stimulates or inhibits the limbic system. when you feel sleepy and drifting off, it is the reticular AS that is inhibiting the limbic system
91
what does the cardioaccelerator center do?
increase heart rate
92
what does the cardioinhibitory center do?
inhibits heart rate
93
what does the vasomotor center control?
the diameter of blood vessels controlling blood pressure
94
T or F: If the reticular formation were to be damaged, nothing would happen.
False; this could cause coma or death
95
each cerebral hemisphere contains how many large lateral ventricles?
One
96
what are the two lateral ventricles separated by?
the septum pellucidum
97
the lateral ventricles are connected with the 3rd ventricle via what?
the inter ventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
98
the fourth ventricle extends into the what?
MO and becomes continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. This ventricle connects with 3rd ventricle vie narrow canal in midbrain called the cerebral aqueduct
99
how does the 4th ventricle connect to the subarachnoid?
via the lateral and medial apertures
100
what are the cranial meninges?
the dura mater (outer layer)
the arachnoid mater (middle layer)
the Pia mater (inner layer)
101
what is in the dura mater (outer layer)?
the meningeal layer- outer fibrous layer
endosteal layer- fused to periosteum (venous sinuses between two layers)
102
what is the arachnoid mater (middle layer)?
the epithelial layer the contracts the dura mater. this mater sends out fibers that connect to the pia mater
103
what is the subarachnoid space?
it is between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater- filled with cerebral spinal fluid
104
what is the Pia mater (inner layer)?
attached to brain surface by astrocytes
105
what are the dural folds?
folded inner layer of dura mater that extends into the cranial cavity to stabilize and support brain. they contain the dural sinuses (contain collecting veins)
106
what are the three largest dural folds and their function?
falx cerebri- projects between the cerebral hemispheres/ contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus
tentorium cerebelli- seperates cerebellum and cerebrum. Contains transverse sinus
falx cerebelli- divides cerebellar hemispheres belt the tenorium cerebelli
107
what is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
this surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS and interchanges with interstitial fluid of the brain
108
what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
cushions desecrate neural structures, supports brain, transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
109
hat is the choroid plexus?
secrets CSF into ventricles, remove waste products from CSF, adjust composition of CSF, and produces about 500 mL of CSF a day
110
how does CSF circulate?
from choroid plexus, through ventricles, to central canal of spinal cord into subarachnoid space around the brain, and spinal cord CSF in subarachnoid space
111
what are arachnoid granulations?
large clusters of villi that absorb CSF into venous circulation
112
what is the olfactory nerve or CNI (one)?
it is a sensory nerve
it rests on the bottom of the occipital lobe
it's function is smell
it's origin is the nasal mucosa
it's termination is olfactory bulb - cerebrum
it's passage is the olfactory foramen (through cribriform plate).
113
what is the optic nerve or CNII (two)?
it is a sensory nerve
it's function is vision
it's origin is retina
its termination is thalamus - midbrain
occipital lobe - interpretation of sight
its passage is through the optic foramen (canal)
contralateral - decussi at the optic chiasma
114
what is the oculomotor nerve or CNIII (three)?
it is a motor nerve
its function is involuntary pupil and dense focusing and voluntary eye movement/opening of eyelid
it controls all extra ocular eye muscle execpt superior oblique and lateral rectus
its origin is the midbrain
it passes through the superior orbital fissure
115
what is the trochlear nerve or CNIV (four)?
its a motor nerve
its function is eye movement
its origin is the midbrain
its termination is the superior oblique muscle
it passes through the superior orbital fissure
* if damage were to happen to this nerve, it can cause double vision
116
what is trigeminal nerve or CNV (five)?
this nerve has three divisions:
ophthalmic portion - superior orbital fissure, it is a sensory nerve from forehead
Maxillary - foramen rotundum, it is a sensory nerve from maxilla region
Mandibular - foramen ovale, it is a motor innervation for mastication and a sensory of gums and teeth
its termination is the pons
117
What is the abducens nerve or CN VI (six)?
it is a motor nerve
its function is lateral eye movement
its termination is the lateral rectus muscle
its origin is the pins
* damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally and at rest eye rotates medially
118
what is the vestibulochlear nerve or CN VIII (eight)?
it is a sensory nerve
it provides hearing and sense of balance
it passes through the internal acoustic meatus
its origin in the cochlea, vestibule apparatus
its termination is the medulla oblongata and the pons
118
what is the facial nerve or CN VII (seven)?
it is a motor nerve (facial expressions; salivary, tear and nasal glands
it is also a sensory nerve (taste on anterior 2/3's of tongue and taste buds
it passes through the internal acoustic meatus --> stylomastoid foramina
its motor origin is the pons
its sensory termination is the thalamus
119
what is the glossopharyngeal nerve or CN IX (nine)?
it is both a motor and sensory nerve
the function of the sensory nerve is sensation of tongue and blood pressure
the function of the motor nerve is salivation (parotid), swallowing, gagging
the sensory nerve origin is the tongue and carotid artery
te motor and sensory termination is the MO
it passes through the jugular foramen
120
what is the vagus nerve or CN X (ten)?
it is both sensory and motor nerve
the sensory function is thoracic abdominal viscera, hunger, full, stomach ache
the motor function is swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera (heart rate)
it passes through the jugular foramen
the motor termination and sensory origin is the thoracic and the abdominal viscera (heart)
the motor origin and sensory termination is the MO
121
what is the accessory nerve to CN XI (eleven)?
it is a motor nerve
the function is head, neck and shoulder movement
the origin is the spinal cord and MO
the termination is the pharynx, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
it passes through the jugular foramen
122
what is the hypoglossal nerve or CN XII (twelve)?
its a motor nerve
it passes through the hypoglossal canal
its function is tongue movements for speech, food manipulation and swallowing
the origin is the MO
123
do arteries carry blood away from the heart or towards the heart?
they carry blood away from the heart, to the organs
124
T or F: arterioles are the smallest branch of arteries, within organs
true
125
what are the smallest blood vessels?
capillaries
126
what is the function of capillaries?
nutrient/waste, gas exchange
127
what is the function of venules?
collect blood from capillaries, found within organs
128
do veins return blood to the heart or take it away, to the organs?
they return blood to the heart, from the organs
129
what are the two large blood vessels of the heart?
the aorta and the vena cava
130
what is the function of the aorta?
carry blood from the left ventricle to system circulation (aortic arch)
131
what is the function of the vena cava?
return blood to the heart from the systemic circuit (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava)
132
what is the tunica intima (internal)?
this is the inner layer of a blood vessel. it is made up of epithelial tissue that sits on top of connective tissue.
133
what happens when the blood stops toughing the Tunica internal layer?
when the blood stops toughing the inner layer of a blood vessel, this indicated that the blood is no longer in the circulatory system, causing it to clot
134
what is the tunica media?
this is the middle layer of a blood vessel. it is the thickest layer and is made of concentric rings of smooth muscle. this constricts and dilates your blood vessels
135
what is the tunica external?
this is the outer layer of a blood vessel. it is made of fibrous connective tissue. it connects the blood vessel to whatever it is next to (a bone or an organ etc)
136
T or F: arteries are under higher pressure than veins, and why?
True because the artery moving less volume, faster. in Veins they are carrying more blood slower so the flow of blood in the artery and vein are the same
137
T or F: Veins have thicker walls than arteries
False: arteries have thicker walls than veins
138
what do veins and arteries have in common?
they both have three layers but arteries have a thicker tunica media (middle layer)
139
Why do veins have one way valves?
when the heart contracts, it contracts with enough strength to get it through everything to the veins and that's its. moving blood in veins is due to skeletal and respiratory contractions. The one way valve helps prevent the blood from flowing back.
140
are arteries more elastic than veins?
yes
141
do veins have venous valves?
yes
142
when working with the blood flow in veins, should you start at the dural sinuses or the heart?
ALWAYS start with the dural sinuses
143
what are all the dural sinuses?
starting on the posterior side of the brain:
occipital sinus
right transverse sinus
right sigmoid sinus
internal jugular vertebral vein
petrosal sinuses
straight sinus (on temporal fissure)
great cerebral vein
inferior sinus
superior sagittal sinus
cavernous sinus
ending on the frontal lobe.
144
what does sinus mean?
Vein
145
where are the dural sinuses found?
they are found between the meningeal layer and the meningeal layer of the dural folds
146
what are dural sinuses known as?
they are known as the veins that drain the brain
147
Short answer: blood drinking from the right temporal region.
START: right temporal region -> right temporal vein -> right external jugular vein -> right subclavian vein -> right brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava END
148
Short answer: flow of the blood from the aortic arch to the right brain
START: ascending aorta -> aortic arch -> brachiocephalic artery -> right common carotid artery -> right internal carotid artery -> cerebral arterial circle (where right brain is located) END
149
Short Answer: flow of blood from the ascending aorta to the right occipital region
START: ascending aorta -> aortic arch -> brachiocephalic artery -> right common carotid artery -> right external carotid artery -> right occipital artery -> right occipital region END
150
Short Answer: blood flow to the right mandible
START: ascending aorta -> aortic arch -> brachiocephalic artery -> right common carotid artery -> right external carotid artery -> right facial artery -> right mandible END
151
Short Answer: blood flow from the right occipital region back to the heart
START: right occipital region -> right occipital vein -> right external jugular -> right subclavian vein -> right brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava END
152
Short Answer: Blood flow from the heart to the right occipital region
START: ascending aorta -> aortic arch -> brachiochephlic artery -> right common carotid artery -> right external carotid -> right occipital artery -> right occipital region END
153
Short Answer: blood flow from the right temporal region (veins)
START: right temporal region -> right temporal veins -> Right external jugular vein -> Right subclavian Vein -> Right brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava END
154
Short answer: blood flow from the right occipital region
START: right occipital region -> right occipital vein -> right external jugular vein -> right subclavian vein -> right brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava END
155
Short Answer: blood flow from the right brain
START: right brain -> dural sinuses -> right internal jugular vein -> right brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava END
156
Short Answer: blood flow from the right mandible
START: right mandible -> right facial vein -> right internal jugular vein -> right brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava
157
For the veins, are there two brachiocephalic veins (R and L)?
