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Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

superficial veins of upper limb

A

basillic- runs medially
cephalic- runs laterally
drain into axillary vein
connected by median cubital

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2
Q

lymphatics of axilla

A

humeral, pectoral, subscapular, central, apical

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3
Q

arteries of upper limb

A

subclavian artery arises from brachiocephalic trunk on right and directly from arch of the aorta

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4
Q

what does the subclavian artery become and when

A

becomes axillary artery at lateral border of 1st rib

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5
Q

first axillary artery branch

A

superior thoracic artery

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6
Q

second axillary artery branch

A

thoraco-acromial trunk
lateral thoracic artery

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7
Q

what does the thoraco-acromial trunk branch into

A

acromial, clavicular, deltoid, and pectoral branches

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8
Q

third axillary artery branch

A

subscapular artery
anterior humeral circumflex a.
posterior humeral circumflex a.

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9
Q

what does the subscapular artery branch into

A

thoracodorsal artery and circumflex scapular artery

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10
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

formed from lateral cord
c5-c7 ventral rami contributions
pierces through coracobrachialis m
major nerve of anterior arm
continues as lateral cutaneous nerve
innervates skin of lateral forearm

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11
Q

ulnar nerve

A

formed from medial cord
C8-T1 ventral rami contributions
located medial to brachial artery in arm
innervates nothing in arm
runs behind medial epicondyle
major nerve of hand

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12
Q

median nerve

A

Formed from 1/2 lateral cord and 1/2 medial cord
C6-T1 ventral rami contributions
passes medial to arm muscles
lateral to brachial artery proximally
distally crosses medial side of brachial artery
innervates nothing in arm
major nerve of anterior forearm

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13
Q

axillary nerve

A

formed from posterior cord
C5-C6 ventral rami contributions
circles behind humerus in quadrangular space with posterior circumflex humeral artery
inn. deltoid and teres minor

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14
Q

radial nerve

A

formed from posterior cord
C5-T1 ventral rami
passes posterior to humerus, travels with profunda brachii artery in radial groove, pair seen in triangular space
gives off cutaneous branches:
inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
posterior cutaneous n of forearm
major nerve of posterior arm and forearm

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15
Q

dorsal scapular n

A

C5
passes posteriorly to reach and travel along the medial border of scapula
levator scapulae and rhomboids

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16
Q

long thoracic n

A

C5-C7
passes vertically down neck, through the axillary inlet, and down medial wall of axilla
runs with lateral thoracic artery
lies on superficial aspect of serratus anterior muscle
serratus anterior

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17
Q

suprascapular n

A

C5-C6
passes laterally through the posterior triangle of neck and through suprascapular notch/foramen to enter the posterior scapular region
supraspinatus
infraspinatus

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18
Q

N to subclavius

A

C5-C6
passes anteroinferiorly over the subclavian artery and vein
subclavius

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19
Q

lateral pectoral n

A

C5-C7
branches from lateral cord
pec major

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20
Q

medial pectoral n

A

C8-T1
branches from medial cord
pec major and minor

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21
Q

upper subscapular n

A

C5-C6
first branch off posterior
passes posteriorly to directly innervate subscapularis and teres major

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22
Q

thoracodorsal n

A

C6-C8
second branch posterior cord
runs inferolaterally along posterior axillary wall
close to thoracodorsal artery
from back to humerus

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23
Q

lower subscapular n

A

C5-C6
third branch off posterior
runs inferolaterally deep to subscapular a
innervates teres major and subscapularis

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24
Q

medial brachial cutaneous n

A

C8-T1
sensory to medial arm
second branch off medial cord
runs along medial side of axillary and branchial veins

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25
medial antebrachial cutaneous n
C8-T1 sensory to medial forearm third branch off medial cord initially runs with ulnar nerve but pierces deep fascia with basilic vein and enters subcutaneous tissue
26
thoracic outlet syndrome
compression of subclavian artery and vein or brachial plexus most commonly affects nerves causes: trauma, anatomical defects, tumor, poor posture, pregnancy, repetitive arm mvmts
27
injury to upper plexus
C5-C6 result from excessive increase in angle between neck and shoulder see effects in shoulder
28
injury to lower plexus
C8-T1 may occur when upper limb suddenly pulled superiorly see effects in hand
29
2 compartments of arm muscles
anterior: flexors posterior: extensors
30
biceps brachii
Origin: short head- coracoid process of scapula long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Insertion: radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis Inn: musculocutaneous n Action: supinates flexed forearm, flexes forearm when supine, short head resists dislocation
31
brachialis
Origin: distal half of anterior humerus Insertion: coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity Inn: musculocutaneous and radial n Action: flexes forearm in all positions
32
coracobrachialis
Origin: coracoid process of scapula Insertion: middle third of medial surface of humerus Inn: musculocutaneous n Action: flexes, adducts, and resists dislocation
33
triceps brachii
Origin: long head: infraglenoid tubercle of humerus lateral head: posterior surface of humerus superior to radial groove medial head: posterior surface of humerus inferior to radial groove Insertion: olecranon process of ulna and fascia of forearm Inn: radial n Action: chief extensor of forearm, long head resists dislocation
34
anconeus muscle
triceps little helper inn: radial n actions: assists triceps in forearm extension, stabilizes elbow joint, may abduct during pronation
35
what action does C5 test
shoulder abduction
36
what action does C6 test
elbow flexion testing biceps tendon
37
what action does C7 test
elbow extension testing triceps tendon
38
the axillary artery becomes what and where
brachial artery at inferior border of teres major
39
what does the brachial artery branch into
radial and ulnar arteries
40
what are the branches of the brachial artery
1. profunda brachii a - radial collateral a - middle collateral a 2. humeral nutrient a 3. superior ulnar collateral a 4. inferior ulna collateral a 5. radial a 6. ulnar artery
41
trapezius
Origin: nuchal ligament and spinous processes Insertion: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula Inn: accessory n Action: elevates, depresses, retracts, rotates glenoid cavity superiorly
42
latissimus dorsi
Origin: spinous processes, iliac crest, ribs Insertion: bicipital groove Inn: thoracodorsal n Action: adducts, medially rotates, and extends humerus; pulls body toward arms during climbin
43
levator scapula
Origin: transverse processes of cervical spine Insertion: superior portion of medial border of scapula Inn: dorsal scapular n Action: elevates scapula, rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
44
rhomboids (major and minor)
Origin: minor: nuchal ligament major: spinous processes of thoracic spine Insertion: minor: medial border of scapula major: medial border of scapula Inn: dorsal scapular n. Action: retract scapula, rotate glenoid cavity inferiorly, fix scapula to thoracic wall
45
triangle of auscultation
latissimus dorsi, trapezius, rhomboid major floor: 6th intercostal respiratory sounds
46
lumbar triangle
iliac crest, lat, external oblique floor: internal oblique lumbar herniation
47
serratus posterior superior
action: elevates ribs
48
serratus posterior inferior
action: depresses ribs
49
splenius capitus
Origin: spinus processes Insertion: mastoid process Inn: dorsal rami of spinal n Action: rotate head ipsilaterally and laterally flexes neck, extends head and neck
50
splenius cervicis
Origin: spinous processes of cervical and thoracic spine Insertion: transverse processes of cervical spine Inn: dorsal rami of spinal n Action: rotate head ipsilaterally, laterally flexes neck, extends head and neck
51
erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)
Origin: sacrum, ilium crest Insertion: ribs Inn: dorsal rami of spinal n Action: extends vertebral column and head when back flexed and controls movement via eccentric contraction, laterally flexes vertebral column
52
semispinalis capitus, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis
Origin: transverse processes of cervical and thoracic spine Insertion: occipital bone Inn: dorsal rami Action: extend head, cervical and thoracic regions of vertebral column, rotates contralaterally
53
multifidus
Origin: PSIS of ilium Insertion: SP of vertebrae Inn: dorsal rami Action: stabilizes vertebrae, involved in lower back pain
54
rotatores
Origin: TP of vertebrae Insertion: lamina and TP or spine Inn: dorsal rami Action: rotate, stabilize, and extend spine
55
interspinales
aid in extension and rotation
56
intertransversarii
aid in lateral flexion, stabilization
57
levatores costarum
elevates ribs, assists with respiration and lateral flexion
58
suboccipital triangle
rectus capitus posterior major, rectus capitus posterior minor, obliquus capitus inferior, obliquus capitus superior contains suboccipital nerve and vertebral a Actions: Rectus capitus posterior major and minor: extension and rotation of head Obliquus capitus superior: extension and lateral flexion Obliquus capitus inferior: rotation of head
59
craniovertebral joint
atlanto-occipital atlanto-axial
60
joints of articular processes
zygopophysial
61
joints of vertebral bodies
uncovertebral intervertebral
62
intervertebral joints
symphysis joints contain annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
63
what causes a herniated nucleus pulposus
portion of nucleus pulposus is pushed through weakened portion of annulus fibrosis most common L4-L5 and L5-T1, no PLL or ALL
64
Ligamenta flava
connect adjacent laminae of vertebra Action: limits flexion
65
anterior longitudinal ligament
Action: prevents hyperextension
66
posterior longitudinal ligament
prevents hyperflexion
67
nuchal ligament
resists flexion
68
supraspinous ligament
connects tips of spinous processes Action: limits hyperflexion
69
interspinous ligament
Connects adjacent spinous processes Action: limits hyperflexion
70
what causes whiplash
muscle injury of neck due to sudden hyperextension and possible hyperflexion as head rebounds possible stretching or tearing of ALL possible facet jumping (pedicles) or locking of cervical vertebrae due to arch dislocation
71
what happens with illegal face blocking
hyperextension and likely injure posterior portions of vertebrae T11/T12 most common non-cervical break; going from an area of mobility to non-mobility
72
epidural space
contains fat and blood vessels outermost space
73
dura mater
most external meninge fuses with epineurium that surrounds the spinal nerves
74
subdural space
separates dura mater from arachnoid mater potential space, very small, sometimes fuses with dura mater
75
arachnoid mater
deep to dura mater and subdural space
76
subarachnoid space
between arachnoid mater and pia mater real space, filled with CSF
77
pia mater
adheres directly to spinal cord forms lateral extensions called denticulates that anchor spinal cord to dura mater
78
what do ventral roots contain
motor axons
79
what do dorsal roots contain
sensory axons
80
where do anterior and posterior roots unite to become spinal nerve
in intervertebral foramen
81
what is the arterial supply of scapula
segmental arteries coming off aorta that pass through intervertebral foramen
82
how many longitudinal arteries supply spinal cord
3; 1 anterior, 2 posterior
83
how many veins supply spinal cord
6; 3 anterior, 3 posterior
84
conus medularis
tapering inferior end of spinal cord ends between T12-L3 usually L1 termination of spinal cord
85
cauda equina
bundle of nerve roots running inferior to spinal cord where stick the needle in and roots move out of way
86
filum terminale
thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor conus medullaris to coccyx tethers spinal cord inferiorly
87
where do you do a lumbar puncture
L4-L5 in subarachnoid space
88
where do you do an epidural
L4-L5 in epidural space; fat filled to hold analgesic
89
what is a laminectomy used for and what is a potential after effect of it
used to release pressure in IV discs could cause bony outgrowth
90
deltoid
Origin: lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula Insertion: deltoid tuberosity Inn: axillary nerve Action: abduction past first 15 degrees
91
teres major
lats major helper Origin: posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula Insertion: medial lip of bicipital groove Inn: lower subscapular n Action: adducts and medially rotates arm
92
supraspinatus
delts super helper Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: superior facet of greater tubercle Inn: suprascapular n Action: assists delt with abduction- does first 15 degrees
93
infraspinatus
Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle Inn: suprascapular n Action: laterally rotates arm
94
teres minor
Origin: middle part of lateral border of scapula Insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle Inn: axillary n Action: laterally rotates arm
95
subscapularis
Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula Insertion: lesser tubercle Inn: upper and lower subscapular n Action: medially rotates
96
what causes rotator cuff injuries
repeated abduction and flexion causes wear on tendons as they rub on the acromion and coracoacromial ligament tendon of supraspinatus is most vulnerable weakest inferiorly because incomplete inferiorly
97
what rotator cuff dislocation is most common
anterior humeral dislocation
98
pec major
Origin: sternocostal head and clavicular head Insertion: bicipital groove Inn: lateral and medial pectoralis n Action: adducts, medially rotates humerus, draws scapula inferiorly and anteriorly clavicular head flexes while sternocostal head extends humerus from a flexed position
99
pec minor
Origin: ribs 3-5 Insertion: coracoid process of scapula Inn: medial pectoral nerve Action: stabilizes scapular by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall important in respirations
100
subclavius
Origin: junction of 1st rib and costal cartilage Insertion: inferior surface of clavicle Inn: nerve to subclavius Action: depresses and anchors clavicle
101
serratus anterior
Origin: lateral part of ribs 1-8 Insertion: medial border of scapula Inn: long thoracic n Action: protract, rotate, and hold scapula against thoracic wall
102
what causes paralysis of serratus anterior
injury to long thoracic nerve
103
characteristic of someone with an injury to their long thoracic n
winged appearance scapula moves away from thoracic wall
104
quadrangular space
teres minor, teres major, triceps brachii long head, shaft of humerus
105
what does the quadrangular space contain
axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
106
triangular space
teres major, teres minor, triceps brachii long head
107
what does the triangular space contain
circumflex scapular artery
108
what is the blood supply of the scapula
arteries interconnecting around scapula forming an anastomosis allows for blood supply even in the event of a gradual blockage
109
flow of milk in breast
produced in alveoli moves to lactiferous ducts moved to lactiferous sinuses before being expelled out the nipple with the let down reflex
110
what nerve innervates the breasts
anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 4th-6th intercostal n
111
what arteries provide blood to the breasts
lateral thoracic, posterior intercostal, medial mammary branches, internal intercostal
112
where does most of the breast drain
via pectoral, central, and apical axillary nodes to subclavian lymph trunk
113
where do medial breasts drain
parasternal nodes
114
where does the subclavian lymph trunk drain into the venous system
subclavian and internal jugular junction
115
direction of lymphatic flow in breast
pectoral, humeral, and subscapular nodes drain into central nodes central node drains into axillary node axillary node drains into supraclavicular node which drains into right or left venous angle
116
what are the signs of breast cancer
skin dimpling, nipple retraction and deviation, abnormal contours, edema of skin
117
what causes herpes zoster
viral disease of spinal ganglia reactivation of varicella zoster or chickenpox virus causes sharp burning pain in dermatome, skin becomes red, and possible muscle weakness in same myotome

Foundations (4 decks)

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