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Anatomy Exam Three > Anatomy Exam 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable e.g skull sutures

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2
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely Moveable (elbow)

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3
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Partially Moveable (Pubic Symphysis)

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4
Q

Fibrous Joints: Collagenous

A

a) sutures- short fibers
b) syndesmosis- long fibers
c) gomphosis- periodontal ligaments anchor the tooth to the jaw

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5
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

a) synchondrosis-hyaline cartilage- Rib 1 to manubrium
b)symphysis- fibrocartillage
(pubic symphysis)

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6
Q

Synovial (Capsular Joints)

A

Generally: freely moveable joints of the appendicular skeleton

a) parts of one joint
-articular capsule
-fibrous capsule of dense C.T.
-synovial membrane- secretes joint fluid
-articular cartilage
-ligaments (bone-bone)
-tendons (muscle to bone)
-bursae +tendon sheaths with synovial fluid

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7
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

-Hinge
-Pivot
-Condylar
-Ball+Socket

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8
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Synovial
-ulna to humerus
-uniaxial

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9
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Synovial
-proximal ulna- radius joint
-uniaxial

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10
Q

Condylar Joint

A

Synovial
-metacarpophalangeal joint
-biaxial

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11
Q

Ball+ Socket Joint

A

Synovial
-shoulder
-multiaxial

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12
Q

Angular- movement

Flexion v.s. Extention

A

decreases joint angle- flexion

increases joint angle extension

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13
Q

Angular movement

circumduction

A

making a cone with the limb

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14
Q

Angular movement

Abduction vs Adductuion

A

abduction- moving away from the midline

adduction- moving towards midline

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15
Q

rotation

A

medial or lateral rotation

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16
Q

gliding movement

A

short bones sliding past each other

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17
Q

special movement

opposition of thumb

A

touching thumbs to tips of other fingers

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18
Q

special movement

pronation vs supination

A

pronation- radius crosses ulna

supination- forearm bones become parallel

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19
Q

special movement

dorsiflexion vs plantarflexion

A

dorsiflexion- lift foot up at ankle (flex foot)

plantarflexion- point foot down, stand on toes (point foot)

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20
Q

special movement

inversion vs eversion

A

inversion- face sole of the foot medially

eversion- face sole of the foot laterally

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21
Q

special movement

retraction vs protraction

A

retraction- pull back

protraction- Just forward

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22
Q

Shoulder Joint

A

diarthrotic, synovial, ball+ socket joint

-most freely moveable joint in the body
–head of the humerus in the glenoid of the scapula

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23
Q

hip joint

A

diarthrotic, synovial, ball+socket

-femoral head into acetabulum

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24
Q

shoulder joint stabilized by

A

-stabilizes
–glenoid labrum- fibrocartillage
–capsular ligament- e.g. corahumeral ligaments
–biceps brachii tendon
–rotator cuff tendons from supraspinatois m. infraspinatus m. subscapularis m. teres minor m.

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25
Q

hip joint stabilized by

A

-acetabular labrum

-ligaments
–iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
-ligamentum teres

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26
Q

Knee joint

A

diarthrotic, synovial, hinge

-femoral condyles, tibial condyles
-menisci- fibrocartilage pads on tibial condyles
-patellar facets meet femur’s patellar surface

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27
Q

knee ligaments

A

ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament
PCL: posterior cruciate ligament
LCL: Lateral collateral ligament to fibula
MCL: Medial collateral ligament to tibia
-Patellar ligaments

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28
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac muscle

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29
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

striated, multinucleate, voluntary

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30
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs, striated, invountentary, uninucleate

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31
Q

smooth muscle

A

unstriated, uninucleate, involuntary

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32
Q

Active functional characteristics of muscles

A

Excitability and Contractility

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33
Q

Excitability

A

Has impulses (ACTIVE)

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34
Q

Contractility

A

Actively generates force and shortens (ACTIVE)

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35
Q

Passive functional characteristics of muscles

A

Extensibility and elasticity

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36
Q

Extensibility

A

Can be stretched (PASSIVE)

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37
Q

Elasticity

A

passive recoil to rest length after stretch (PASSIVE)

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38
Q

Muscle Functions

A

-Movement
–of limbs
–of material in hollow organs

-Posture

-Generate Heats

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39
Q

Connective Tissue Wrappings

A

Fascia, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

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40
Q

Endomysium

A

wraps one cell (fiber)

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41
Q

perimysium

A

wraps one fascicle

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42
Q

epimysium

A

wraps one muscle

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43
Q

fascia

A

around multiple muscles

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44
Q

Attachments

Origins vs insertions

A

origins- proximal anchor to bone

insertions- distal connection to more moveable bone

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45
Q

Attachments made by

A

tendons, aponeurosis, direct, fleshy attachments

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46
Q

tendons

A

rope of dense regular C.T.

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47
Q

aponeurosis

A

Sheet of C.T.

48
Q

direct, fleshy attachment

A

epimysium fuses to periosteum

49
Q

fascicle

A

bundles of fibers

50
Q

fiber=cell has

A

many nuclei and many mitochondria

51
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membranes

52
Q

T-tubules

A

-tunnel from the membrane into deeper parts of the cells
-conduct impulses to the middle of cell

53
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

smooth ER, houses CA++

54
Q

myofibrils= big organelles

A

-make up most of muscle cells
-contain muscle filaments w contractile proteins

55
Q

thick filaments

A

-each filament has about 200 myosin molecules
–each myosin has 2 heads and 1 tai;
-heads break down ATP and attach to and pull on actin for contraction

56
Q

thin filaments

A

-2 strands of actin
–actin has sockets for myosin heads
-2 ribbons of tropomyosin block actin sockets in a relaxed muscle
-troponin acts as a lock+hinge
-Ca++ is key to start contraction: if binds to troponin, then tropomyosin pulls off actin so myosin binds

57
Q

Parts of sarcomeres

A

A-band
I-band
Z-disc

58
Q

A-band

A

-dArk stripe of striation

-thick filaments present
-The m line is in the middle: if not contracted, an H-zone straddles M-line

59
Q

I-Band

A

light stripe of striation

-no thick filaments
-Z-disk is middle of I-band

60
Q

Z-disk

A

Sarcomere- one Z to next Z

61
Q

The sliding filament model

A

when muscles contract- sarcomeres shorten as thin filaments slide toward center of the sarcomere

62
Q

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

-synapse where motor neuron meets muscle fiber
–neurons axon terminal meets the fibers end plate
–terminal has vesicles of acetylcholine (Ach); endplate has Ach receptions

63
Q

A nerve impulse (Nerve action potential) causes

A

a) volt gated Ca++ channels to open , Ca++ diffuses into neuron
b) exocytosis: Ach released
c) Ach diffuses across cleft

64
Q

End-Plate Potential (EPP)

A

a) Ach binds to Ach receptor (AchR) and opens the receptor Na+ channel
b) Na+ entry into the muscle cell= depolarization– cell is less negative that’s the EPP
[Ach Esterase splits Ach to clear the junction so relaxation can eventually happen]

65
Q

Action Potential (muscle action potential)

A

-long distance message between sarcolemma and down T-tubules
-involves volt-gated channel for Na+,K+,
-Lasts around 2 msec then quickly reset

66
Q

Excitation- Contraction Coupling

A

mAP->Ca++ Release from SR-> sliding filament

67
Q

The crucial role of Ca++ In excitation-Reaction coupling

A

-mAP triggers Ca++ channel opening in SR membrane- Ca++ diffuses out of SR and into myofibril
-Some Ca++ binds to troponin
-Troponin pulls tropomyosin blockade off of actin
[Ca++ pumps out of SR starts pulling some Ca++ back into SR]

68
Q

The cross-bridge cycle of excitation-reaction coupling

A

i) attachment- myosin head to actin
ii) power stroke- myosin pulls actin to sarcomeres center
iii) detachment- ATP attaches to the myosin head and myosin releases actin
iv) cocking of myosin- ATP split- head moves to high energy position

69
Q

A motor unit consists of

A

One motor neuron+ all fibers it innervates (1 neuron controls 5 to 500 fibers)

70
Q

Motor unit size depends on

A

How many fibers (5-500)
-muscles with fine control (finger muscles) have small motor neurons
-Muscles with high force outputs (quads) have very large motor neurons
-

71
Q

The muscle twitch is

A

response of a muscle to a shock
a) latent: no F change but excitation and Ca++ movement
b) contraction- cross-bridge cycling
c) relaxation: tropomyosin blockade resumes; muscle returns to rest position

72
Q

Graded muscle responses
wave summation= rate of firing

A

-multiple stimuli occur in rapid succession
-one twitch builds on last
-when frequency is high a contraction results=tetanus

73
Q

Graded muscle responses
multiple motor unit summation= recruitment of units

A

-activate several units simultaneously to generate large forces
-occurs in size order: first just small units (w small fibers) , then small+ large

74
Q

isotonic vs isometric contractions

A

-isotonic= “same tension” throughout the movement
–concentric- muscle shortens
–eccentric- muscle lengthens as it contracts

-isometric- no movement
–force generated without length change

75
Q

isometric contractions

A

-isometric- no movement
–force generated without length change

76
Q

isotonic contractions

A

-isotonic= “same tension” throughout the movement
–concentric- muscle shortens
–eccentric- muscle lengthens as it contracts

77
Q

How much stored ATP does a muscle have

A

6 sec worth

78
Q

ATP replenished by

creatine phosphate

A

(10-15 sec)
CP+ADP—–(creatine kinase)—>ATP+ creatine

79
Q

ATP replenished by

glycolysis

A

-1 glucose –> 2 pyruvates
–makes 2 ATP
–provides 30-60 sec of energy
-occurs in the cytosol; no o2 needed

80
Q

ATP replenished by

aerobic respiration

A

-requires o2
-pyruvates reacts with o2 in mitochondria to yield ATP
-can be used for hours

81
Q

Fatigue

A

-decreased output due to activity
-“command fatigue” can be neutral
-muscle fatigue can be due to high K+ in T-tubules interfering with excitation-contraction coupling

82
Q

oxygen debt is

A

-extra o2 needed to replenish o2 and energy stores n body after strenuous excersise

83
Q

Force of muscle contraction:

number of muscle fibers stimulated

A

-recruitment
-more active fibers= greater force

84
Q

Force of muscle contraction:

size of muscle fibers

A

fatter cells have more filaments-> more force

85
Q

Force of muscle contraction:

rate of stimulation

A

high frequency APs-> build more force

86
Q

Force of muscle contraction:

length-tension relationship

A

-rest length+ slightly longer are optimal- there is goof overlap between actin and myosin= more force

87
Q

Force of muscle contraction:

muscle fiber types

A

all fibers in a motor unit are of the same type

88
Q

Red muscle fibers

A

Speed: Slow
Metabolism: Oxidative
Capilaries+ mitochondria: A lot
Myoglobin: A lot
Glycogen: less
Typical activity: long distance jog

89
Q

White muscle fibers

A

Speed: fast
Metabolism: glycolytic
Capilaries+ mitochondria: few
Myoglobin: few
Glycogen: lots
Typical activity: weight lifting

90
Q

Pink muscle fibers

A

Speed: fast
Metabolism: oxidative
Capilaries+ mitochondria: Moderate
Myoglobin: Moderate
Glycogen: Moderate
Typical activity: tennis

91
Q

effect of exercise on muscles

aerobic/ endurance exercise promotes

A

especially in red fibers
-more capillaries, myoglobin, and mitochondria

92
Q

effect of exercise on muscles

resistance exercise promotes

A

especially in white fibers
-greater muscle fiber size, more glycogen stores

93
Q

microscopic structure of smooth muscle fibers

shape and size

A

spindle shape
smaller than skeletal muscle

94
Q

microscopic structure of smooth muscle fibers

arrangement

A

2 layers
-inner circular layer
-outer longitudinal layer

95
Q

microscopic structure of smooth muscle fibers

neural wiring

A

diffuse junction where the autonomic nervous system axons have varicosities where they release neurotransmitter

96
Q

microscopic structure of smooth muscle fibers

organelles and proteins within

A

smooth m. cells
-no t-tubules, small SR
-no troponin
-dense bodies: connect contractile filaments to the cell membrane
-contracts myosin pulling actin

97
Q

mechanism and characteristics of smooth muscle contractions

synchronous

A

because of gab junction connections between neighbors
-activity spreads quickly

98
Q

mechanism and characteristics of smooth muscle contractions

smooth m. similarities to skeletal m. contractions

A

myosin pulls actin
Ca++ is key
ATP is energy

99
Q

mechanism and characteristics of smooth muscle contractions

smooth m. differences from skeletal m. contractions

A

-most Ca++ comes from out of the cell
-Ca++ activates calmodulin
-calmodulin activates kinase
-kinate phosphorylates myosin
-phosphorylated myosin pulls actin
-tends to be slow, longer duration, use less ATP

100
Q

regulation of smooth m. contraction

autonomic nerve ending

A

can excite or inhibit the smooth m. cell

norepi excites smooth m. in skin vessels but inhibits smooth m. in airways

101
Q

regulation of smooth m. contraction

hormones and local factors

A

-epinephrine
-PH, O2, CO2 all influence smooth m. activity

102
Q

types of smooth muscle

single-unit smooth m.

A

most common

gap junctions present

103
Q

types of smooth muscle

multiunit smooth m.

A

-in some places: allows finer control where units can be recruited

-has more nerve fibers than a single unit smooth m.

104
Q

action of muscles

agonist

A

-prime mover

-e.g. triceps brachii for elbow extension

105
Q

action of muscles

antagonist

A

-provides a breaking force/apposes action of a muscle

-e.g. biceps brachii for elbow extension

106
Q

action of muscles

synergist

A

-cooperate in a supporting role

-e.g. deltoid fixes shoulder in movement restricted to elbow

107
Q

Whats in a name?

A

Location
Shape
Size
Fasicle/ muscle fiber arrangement
Number of heads
Location of attachments
Action

108
Q

Fascicle Arrangement

parallel

A

sartorius muscle

109
Q

Fascicle Arrangement

Convergent

A

pec. major m.

110
Q

Fascicle Arrangement

Pennate (feather): unipennate

A

extensor digitorum longus m.

111
Q

Fascicle Arrangement

Pennate (feather): bipennate

A

rectus femoris m.

112
Q

Fascicle Arrangement

Circular

A

Orbicularis oris m.

113
Q

Fascicle Arrangement

fusiform

A

biceps brachii m.

114
Q

muscle twitch latent phase

A

a) latent: no F change but excitation and Ca++ movement

115
Q

muscle twitch contraction phase

A

b) contraction- cross-bridge cycling

116
Q

muscle twitch relaxation periods

A

c) relaxation: tropomyosin blockade resumes; muscle returns to rest position

Anatomy Exam Three (3 decks)

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