Anatomy Exam 3 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Synarthrosis
A
Immovable e.g skull sutures
2
Q
Diarthrosis
A
Freely Moveable (elbow)
3
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
Partially Moveable (Pubic Symphysis)
4
Q
Fibrous Joints: Collagenous
A
a) sutures- short fibers
b) syndesmosis- long fibers
c) gomphosis- periodontal ligaments anchor the tooth to the jaw
5
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
A
a) synchondrosis-hyaline cartilage- Rib 1 to manubrium
b)symphysis- fibrocartillage
(pubic symphysis)
6
Q
Synovial (Capsular Joints)
A
Generally: freely moveable joints of the appendicular skeleton
a) parts of one joint
-articular capsule
-fibrous capsule of dense C.T.
-synovial membrane- secretes joint fluid
-articular cartilage
-ligaments (bone-bone)
-tendons (muscle to bone)
-bursae +tendon sheaths with synovial fluid
7
Q
Types of synovial joints
A
-Hinge
-Pivot
-Condylar
-Ball+Socket
8
Q
Hinge Joint
A
Synovial
-ulna to humerus
-uniaxial
9
Q
Pivot Joint
A
Synovial
-proximal ulna- radius joint
-uniaxial
10
Q
Condylar Joint
A
Synovial
-metacarpophalangeal joint
-biaxial
11
Q
Ball+ Socket Joint
A
Synovial
-shoulder
-multiaxial
12
Q
Angular- movement
Flexion v.s. Extention
A
decreases joint angle- flexion
increases joint angle extension
13
Q
Angular movement
circumduction
A
making a cone with the limb
14
Q
Angular movement
Abduction vs Adductuion
A
abduction- moving away from the midline
adduction- moving towards midline
15
Q
rotation
A
medial or lateral rotation
16
Q
gliding movement
A
short bones sliding past each other
17
Q
special movement
opposition of thumb
A
touching thumbs to tips of other fingers
18
Q
special movement
pronation vs supination
A
pronation- radius crosses ulna
supination- forearm bones become parallel
19
Q
special movement
dorsiflexion vs plantarflexion
A
dorsiflexion- lift foot up at ankle (flex foot)
plantarflexion- point foot down, stand on toes (point foot)
20
Q
special movement
inversion vs eversion
A
inversion- face sole of the foot medially
eversion- face sole of the foot laterally
21
Q
special movement
retraction vs protraction
A
retraction- pull back
protraction- Just forward
22
Q
Shoulder Joint
A
diarthrotic, synovial, ball+ socket joint
-most freely moveable joint in the body
–head of the humerus in the glenoid of the scapula
23
Q
hip joint
A
diarthrotic, synovial, ball+socket
-femoral head into acetabulum
24
Q
shoulder joint stabilized by
A
-stabilizes
–glenoid labrum- fibrocartillage
–capsular ligament- e.g. corahumeral ligaments
–biceps brachii tendon
–rotator cuff tendons from supraspinatois m. infraspinatus m. subscapularis m. teres minor m.
25
hip joint stabilized by
-acetabular labrum
-ligaments
--iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
-ligamentum teres
26
Knee joint
diarthrotic, synovial, hinge
-femoral condyles, tibial condyles
-menisci- fibrocartilage pads on tibial condyles
-patellar facets meet femur's patellar surface
27
knee ligaments
ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament
PCL: posterior cruciate ligament
LCL: Lateral collateral ligament to fibula
MCL: Medial collateral ligament to tibia
-Patellar ligaments
28
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac muscle
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Skeletal muscle
striated, multinucleate, voluntary
30
Cardiac muscle
Intercalated discs, striated, invountentary, uninucleate
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smooth muscle
unstriated, uninucleate, involuntary
32
Active functional characteristics of muscles
Excitability and Contractility
33
Excitability
Has impulses (ACTIVE)
34
Contractility
Actively generates force and shortens (ACTIVE)
35
Passive functional characteristics of muscles
Extensibility and elasticity
36
Extensibility
Can be stretched (PASSIVE)
37
Elasticity
passive recoil to rest length after stretch (PASSIVE)
38
Muscle Functions
-Movement
--of limbs
--of material in hollow organs
-Posture
-Generate Heats
39
Connective Tissue Wrappings
Fascia, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
40
Endomysium
wraps one cell (fiber)
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perimysium
wraps one fascicle
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epimysium
wraps one muscle
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fascia
around multiple muscles
44
Attachments
Origins vs insertions
origins- proximal anchor to bone
insertions- distal connection to more moveable bone
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Attachments made by
tendons, aponeurosis, direct, fleshy attachments
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tendons
rope of dense regular C.T.
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aponeurosis
Sheet of C.T.
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direct, fleshy attachment
epimysium fuses to periosteum
49
fascicle
bundles of fibers
50
fiber=cell has
many nuclei and many mitochondria
51
sarcolemma
cell membranes
52
T-tubules
-tunnel from the membrane into deeper parts of the cells
-conduct impulses to the middle of cell
53
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
smooth ER, houses CA++
54
myofibrils= big organelles
-make up most of muscle cells
-contain muscle filaments w contractile proteins
55
thick filaments
-each filament has about 200 myosin molecules
--each myosin has 2 heads and 1 tai;
-heads break down ATP and attach to and pull on actin for contraction
56
thin filaments
-2 strands of actin
--actin has sockets for myosin heads
-2 ribbons of tropomyosin block actin sockets in a relaxed muscle
-troponin acts as a lock+hinge
-Ca++ is key to start contraction: if binds to troponin, then tropomyosin pulls off actin so myosin binds
57
Parts of sarcomeres
A-band
I-band
Z-disc
58
A-band
-dArk stripe of striation
-thick filaments present
-The m line is in the middle: if not contracted, an H-zone straddles M-line
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I-Band
light stripe of striation
-no thick filaments
-Z-disk is middle of I-band
60
Z-disk
Sarcomere- one Z to next Z
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The sliding filament model
when muscles contract- sarcomeres shorten as thin filaments slide toward center of the sarcomere
62
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
-synapse where motor neuron meets muscle fiber
--neurons axon terminal meets the fibers end plate
--terminal has vesicles of acetylcholine (Ach); endplate has Ach receptions
63
A nerve impulse (Nerve action potential) causes
a) volt gated Ca++ channels to open , Ca++ diffuses into neuron
b) exocytosis: Ach released
c) Ach diffuses across cleft
64
End-Plate Potential (EPP)
a) Ach binds to Ach receptor (AchR) and opens the receptor Na+ channel
b) Na+ entry into the muscle cell= depolarization-- cell is less negative that's the EPP
[Ach Esterase splits Ach to clear the junction so relaxation can eventually happen]
65
Action Potential (muscle action potential)
-long distance message between sarcolemma and down T-tubules
-involves volt-gated channel for Na+,K+,
-Lasts around 2 msec then quickly reset
66
Excitation- Contraction Coupling
mAP->Ca++ Release from SR-> sliding filament
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The crucial role of Ca++ In excitation-Reaction coupling
-mAP triggers Ca++ channel opening in SR membrane- Ca++ diffuses out of SR and into myofibril
-Some Ca++ binds to troponin
-Troponin pulls tropomyosin blockade off of actin
[Ca++ pumps out of SR starts pulling some Ca++ back into SR]
68
The cross-bridge cycle of excitation-reaction coupling
i) attachment- myosin head to actin
ii) power stroke- myosin pulls actin to sarcomeres center
iii) detachment- ATP attaches to the myosin head and myosin releases actin
iv) cocking of myosin- ATP split- head moves to high energy position
69
A motor unit consists of
One motor neuron+ all fibers it innervates (1 neuron controls 5 to 500 fibers)
70
Motor unit size depends on
How many fibers (5-500)
-muscles with fine control (finger muscles) have small motor neurons
-Muscles with high force outputs (quads) have very large motor neurons
-
71
The muscle twitch is
response of a muscle to a shock
a) latent: no F change but excitation and Ca++ movement
b) contraction- cross-bridge cycling
c) relaxation: tropomyosin blockade resumes; muscle returns to rest position
72
Graded muscle responses
wave summation= rate of firing
-multiple stimuli occur in rapid succession
-one twitch builds on last
-when frequency is high a contraction results=tetanus
73
Graded muscle responses
multiple motor unit summation= recruitment of units
-activate several units simultaneously to generate large forces
-occurs in size order: first just small units (w small fibers) , then small+ large
74
isotonic vs isometric contractions
-isotonic= "same tension" throughout the movement
--concentric- muscle shortens
--eccentric- muscle lengthens as it contracts
-isometric- no movement
--force generated without length change
75
isometric contractions
-isometric- no movement
--force generated without length change
76
isotonic contractions
-isotonic= "same tension" throughout the movement
--concentric- muscle shortens
--eccentric- muscle lengthens as it contracts
77
How much stored ATP does a muscle have
6 sec worth
78
ATP replenished by
creatine phosphate
(10-15 sec)
CP+ADP-----(creatine kinase)--->ATP+ creatine
79
ATP replenished by
glycolysis
-1 glucose --> 2 pyruvates
--makes 2 ATP
--provides 30-60 sec of energy
-occurs in the cytosol; no o2 needed
80
ATP replenished by
aerobic respiration
-requires o2
-pyruvates reacts with o2 in mitochondria to yield ATP
-can be used for hours
81
Fatigue
-decreased output due to activity
-"command fatigue" can be neutral
-muscle fatigue can be due to high K+ in T-tubules interfering with excitation-contraction coupling
82
oxygen debt is
-extra o2 needed to replenish o2 and energy stores n body after strenuous excersise
83
Force of muscle contraction:
number of muscle fibers stimulated
-recruitment
-more active fibers= greater force
84
Force of muscle contraction:
size of muscle fibers
fatter cells have more filaments-> more force
85
Force of muscle contraction:
rate of stimulation
high frequency APs-> build more force
86
Force of muscle contraction:
length-tension relationship
-rest length+ slightly longer are optimal- there is goof overlap between actin and myosin= more force
87
Force of muscle contraction:
muscle fiber types
all fibers in a motor unit are of the same type
88
Red muscle fibers
Speed: Slow
Metabolism: Oxidative
Capilaries+ mitochondria: A lot
Myoglobin: A lot
Glycogen: less
Typical activity: long distance jog
89
White muscle fibers
Speed: fast
Metabolism: glycolytic
Capilaries+ mitochondria: few
Myoglobin: few
Glycogen: lots
Typical activity: weight lifting
90
Pink muscle fibers
Speed: fast
Metabolism: oxidative
Capilaries+ mitochondria: Moderate
Myoglobin: Moderate
Glycogen: Moderate
Typical activity: tennis
91
effect of exercise on muscles
aerobic/ endurance exercise promotes
especially in red fibers
-more capillaries, myoglobin, and mitochondria
92
effect of exercise on muscles
resistance exercise promotes
especially in white fibers
-greater muscle fiber size, more glycogen stores
93
microscopic structure of smooth muscle fibers
shape and size
spindle shape
smaller than skeletal muscle
94
microscopic structure of smooth muscle fibers
arrangement
2 layers
-inner circular layer
-outer longitudinal layer
95
microscopic structure of smooth muscle fibers
neural wiring
diffuse junction where the autonomic nervous system axons have varicosities where they release neurotransmitter
96
microscopic structure of smooth muscle fibers
organelles and proteins within
smooth m. cells
-no t-tubules, small SR
-no troponin
-dense bodies: connect contractile filaments to the cell membrane
-contracts myosin pulling actin
97
mechanism and characteristics of smooth muscle contractions
synchronous
because of gab junction connections between neighbors
-activity spreads quickly
98
mechanism and characteristics of smooth muscle contractions
smooth m. similarities to skeletal m. contractions
myosin pulls actin
Ca++ is key
ATP is energy
99
mechanism and characteristics of smooth muscle contractions
smooth m. differences from skeletal m. contractions
-most Ca++ comes from out of the cell
-Ca++ activates calmodulin
-calmodulin activates kinase
-kinate phosphorylates myosin
-phosphorylated myosin pulls actin
-tends to be slow, longer duration, use less ATP
100
regulation of smooth m. contraction
autonomic nerve ending
can excite or inhibit the smooth m. cell
norepi excites smooth m. in skin vessels but inhibits smooth m. in airways
101
regulation of smooth m. contraction
hormones and local factors
-epinephrine
-PH, O2, CO2 all influence smooth m. activity
102
types of smooth muscle
single-unit smooth m.
most common
gap junctions present
103
types of smooth muscle
multiunit smooth m.
-in some places: allows finer control where units can be recruited
-has more nerve fibers than a single unit smooth m.
104
action of muscles
agonist
-prime mover
-e.g. triceps brachii for elbow extension
105
action of muscles
antagonist
-provides a breaking force/apposes action of a muscle
-e.g. biceps brachii for elbow extension
106
action of muscles
synergist
-cooperate in a supporting role
-e.g. deltoid fixes shoulder in movement restricted to elbow
107
Whats in a name?
Location
Shape
Size
Fasicle/ muscle fiber arrangement
Number of heads
Location of attachments
Action
108
Fascicle Arrangement
parallel
sartorius muscle
109
Fascicle Arrangement
Convergent
pec. major m.
110
Fascicle Arrangement
Pennate (feather): unipennate
extensor digitorum longus m.
111
Fascicle Arrangement
Pennate (feather): bipennate
rectus femoris m.
112
Fascicle Arrangement
Circular
Orbicularis oris m.
113
Fascicle Arrangement
fusiform
biceps brachii m.
114
muscle twitch latent phase
a) latent: no F change but excitation and Ca++ movement
115
muscle twitch contraction phase
b) contraction- cross-bridge cycling
116
muscle twitch relaxation periods
c) relaxation: tropomyosin blockade resumes; muscle returns to rest position
