Anatomy Exam 4

Question 1

Blood Definifion

Answer 1

• fluid connective tissue consisting of blood cells and platelets
• contains dissolved protein fibers
• red blood cells transport gasses
• white blood cells fight off infections
• platelets and dissolved proteins help with clotting

Question 2

Blood components / %’s

Answer 2

1. Plasma- 55% of whole blood
   - water
   - proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
   - other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, gases, waste products)
2. Buffy Coat- < 1% of whole blood
   - platelets
   - leukocytes (WBC’s)
3. Erythrocytes (RBC’s)- 44% of whole blood

Question 3

Albumins

Answer 3

• most abundant protein in plasma
• retain water
• prevent water loss from blood
• transport hormones

Question 4

Globulins

Answer 4

• protein in plasma
• transport lipids
• protect against pathogens

Question 5

Fibrinogen

Answer 5

• protein in plasma

- help with clot formation

Question 6

Erythrocytes (RBC’s)

Answer 6

• lack nuclei and organelles
• develop in red bone marrow
• transport O2 and CO2
• contain hemoglobin
• function anaerobically
• life cycle of 120 days
• iron in hemoglobin gives it a red color

Question 7

Wright’s stain

Answer 7

Used on blood smears

Question 8

Hematocrit

Answer 8

The percentage of volume of all formed elements in the blood, which is attributed mainly by the percentage of volume of red blood cells

Males: 42-56%
Females: 38-46%

Question 9

Type A blood

Answer 9

• erythrocytes have surface antigen A

- anti B antibodies in plasma

Question 10

Type B blood

Answer 10

• erythrocytes have surface antigen B

- anti A antibodies in plasma

Question 11

Type AB blood

Answer 11

• erythrocytes have A and B surface antigens

- neither A or B antibodies in plasma

Question 12

Type O blood

Answer 12

• erythrocytes do not have either A or B surface antigens

- both A and B antibodies in plasma

Question 13

What happens when blood transfusion is incompatible?

Answer 13

• antibodies bind to surface antigen of the transfused erythrocytes
• clumps of erythrocytes bind together (agglutination)
• clumps can block blood vessels and damage organs

Question 14

Blood types that Type A can accept

Answer 14

• Type A

- Type O

Question 15

Blood types that Type B can accept

Answer 15

• Type B

- Type O

Question 16

Blood types that Type AB can accept

Answer 16

• Type A
• Type B
• Type AB
• Type O

Question 17

Blood types that Type O can accept

Answer 17

-Type O

Question 18

Universal Recipient

Answer 18

A person with Type AB blood

Question 19

Universal Donor

Answer 19

A person with Type O blood

Question 20

Rh antigen

Answer 20

• another common surface antigen on erythrocytes
• surface antigen D
• when Rh is present, the individual is said to be Rh positive (if not, they are negative)
• a person only produces antibodies to Rh if they are negative and are exposed to Rh positive blood
• an Rh positive person does not produce Rh antibodies

Question 21

Leukocytes

Answer 21

• white blood cells
• less abundant than RBC’s
• defend against infection and disease
• have nucleus and organelles
• move out of blood vessels and into tissue
• 2 groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 22

Granuloctyes

Answer 22

• have large granules in cytoplasm

- 3 types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 23

Agranulocytes

Answer 23

• have such small granules in there cytoplasm they are not visible under microscope
• 2 types: lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 24

Neutrophils

Answer 24

• type of granulocyte
• have multi lobed nuclei
• cytoplasm with pale granules
• leave blood vessels and enter tissue
• phagocytize (engulf) bacteria

Question 25

Eosinophils

Answer 25

- type of granulocyte - bi loved nuclei - red granules - phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes - release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms

Question 26

Basophils

Answer 26

- type of granulocyte - bi lobed nuclei - dark purple granules - release histamine and heparin during an inflammatory or allergic reaction

Question 27

Lymphocytes

Answer 27

- type of agranulocyte - found in lymph glands and organs with lymphatic tissue - large dark stained nuclei - thin rim of cytoplasm - 3 types: T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, natural killers - attack pathogens - coordinate immune cell activity - produce antibodies

Question 28

Monocytes

Answer 28

- type of agranulocyte - kidney shaped nuclei - pale cytoplasm - can exit blood vessels and become macrophages - phagocytize pathogens - engulf cellular debris, dead cells

Question 29

Decreasing abundance of leukocytes (WBC’s)

Answer 29

- Neutrophils - lymphocytes - monocytes - eosinophils - basophils (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

Question 30

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 30

- derived from megakaryocytes - irregular, membrane bound cellular fragments of cells - megakaryoctyes found in red bone marrow - parts of megakaryocytes pinch off and enter blood stream - form clots in response to damage

Question 31

Hemopoesis

Answer 31

- production of blood cells - occurs in red bone marrow - stem cells are called hematocytoblasts - hematocytoblasts can produce myeloid or lymphoid stem cells - lymphoid stem cells give rise to 3 types of lymphocytes - myeloid stem cells produce all the other blood cells

Question 32

Blood disorders

Answer 32

- anemia - polycythemia - sickle cell anemia - leukemia - thrombocytopenia

Question 33

Anemia

Answer 33

Low erythrocyte or hemoglobin concentrations

Question 34

Polycythemia

Answer 34

Abnormal excess of erythrocytes in blood

Question 35

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 35

Defect in hemoglobin molecule of blood - abnormal RBC’s

Question 36

Leukemia

Answer 36

Cancer resulting in uncontrolled proliferation of WBC’s in bone marrow

Question 37

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 37

Low concentration of platelets in blood (makes one prone to bleeding)