Anatomy Exam II Flashcards
(272 cards)
1
Q
Innate Immunity
A
-nonspecific; blind
-protects against every type of invading agent
-anything that randomly targets pathogens
2
Q
Adaptive immunity
A
-specific; the “eyes”
-depends on activity of lymphocytes
-develops after exposure to environmental hazards
3
Q
Lymphocytes
A
B cells, T cells, NK cells
“extravasation”: can move at any time
4
Q
Lymphocyte production
A
Bone marrow
Thymus
Peripheral lymphoid tissues
*Hemocytoblasts in bone marrow: divide into 2 types of lymphoid stem cells
5
Q
Immune surveillance
A
NK cells attack: foreign cells, body cells infected by viruses + cancer cells
LYSE the plasma membrane (poke tiny holes)
6
Q
Antibody-mediated Immunity
A
“humoral immunity”
B cells: differentiate into plasma cells, secreting antibodies + attaching to pathogens leading to the destruction of pathogen
7
Q
Cell-mediated Immunity
A
T cells: “cytotoxic T cells” attack and destroy foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses
8
Q
T and B cells
A
migrate throughout body to defend peripheral tissues
9
Q
Innate defenses
A
physical barriers ie. skin
phagocytes
immune surveillance: NK cells go cell to cell to check if its infected or cancerous
interferons: chemical messengers (anti-viral: if cell is infected, cell produces antiviral protiens)
complement: poke holes and lyse pathogen
inflammation
fever
10
Q
inflammation
A
mast cell: releases cytokines, histamines
1. increases blood flow
2. activates mast cells
3. increases capillary permeability
4.activates complement
5.stimulates regional clotting
6.increases regional temperature
7.activates adaptive defenses
11
Q
Immune surveillience
A
NK cells
-identify and adhere to abnormal cells
-perforins form pores in abnormal cells plasma membranes, causing lysis
12
Q
Tumor specific antigens
A
wants NK to kill cell developing into cancer cells
-on plasma membranes of cancer cells
-detected as abnormal by NK cells
-some cancer cells avoid detection (immunological escape)
13
Q
Interferons (IFNs)
A
innate, type of cytokine
-trigger production of antiviral proteins
-small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages
-antiviral proteins don’t kill viruses but block viral replication in the cell
14
Q
Cytokines
A
chemical messengers released by tissue cells; important to immune response
15
Q
Complement system
A
more than 30 complement protiens in plasma
*assist antibodies in destruction of pathogens
16
Q
MAC: Killing of a pathogen (Cell lysis)
A
complement protiens form membrane attack complex (MAC) in membrane that destroys target cell
*Pokes holes on bacteria -> dies
17
Q
Enhanced phagocytosis (Opsonization)
A
macrophage membranes contain receptors that detect and bind to complement protiens and bound antibodies
*if complement binds pathogen, makes it easier to be phagocytozed
18
Q
Inflammation (histamine release)
A
releases histamine by mast cells and basophils increase inflammation, attracting phagocytes and blood flow to the region
19
Q
Cardinal signs of inflammation
A
redness
swelling
heat
pain
20
Q
Necrosis
A
local tissue destruction in area of injury
*battlefront between immune cells and pathogens
21
Q
Pus
A
immune cell liquify
debris, fluid, dead/dying cells and necrotic tissue
22
Q
Abscess
A
accumulation of pus in enclosed space
-well sealed, walled off, cant get high enough conc of antibiotics to take care of it
-can be drained from skin via needles
23
Q
Pathway of Tissue Damage
A
1) tissue damage (chemical change in interstitial fluid)
2) mast cell activation (release of histamine and heparin)
3) redness, swelling, heat, pain: histamine causes dilation of vessels or clot formation
OR
3) phagocyte attraction (attracts neutrophils)
4) release of cytokines
5) removes debris via neutrophils and macrophages
OR
5) specific defenses
FINAL STEP: TISSUE REPAIR
24
Q
opsonization
A
tags site of destruction with antibodies so that a phagocyte will destroy it
25
cytotoxic T cells
kills bacteria
attacks antigens physically and chemically
26
helper T cells
stimulate responses of T and B cells
*removes the safety switch for B and cytotoxic T cells
27
Regulatory T cells
moderate immune response
ensure suppression, no wilding out
28
memory T cells
respond to antigens previously encountered
29
Cell- mediated immunity
cytotoxic T tells
-defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cell
30
Antibody-mediated immunity
B cells
-defend against antigens and pathogens in body fluid
31
Cell-mediated immunity route
phagocytes and T cells activated -> activated T cells attack pathogens via phagocytosis or the release of chemical toxins -> destruction of antigens
32
Antibody- mediated immunity route
activated B cells give rise to cells that produce antibodies -> attack by circulating antibodies -> destruction of antigens
33
Clonal selection
antigen "selecting" lymphocytes for cloning and now has to multiply
34
Innate immunity
present at birth
35
Adaptive immunity
acquired after birth
36
Active immunity
develops after exposure to antigen
37
Passive immunity
produced by transferring antibodies from another source
38
adaptive immunity
not present at birth
acquire immunity when you've been exposed -> active immunity develops in response to antigen exposure -> naturally acquired active immunity OR artificially acquired active immunity
39
naturally acquired active immunity
develops after exposure to antigens in the environment
40
artificially acquired active immunity
develops after administration of an antigen to prevent disease
ex. vaccination
41
passive immunity (adaptive)
transfer of antibodies from another source
42
active immunity
develops in response to antigen exposure - creates its own antibodies
bacterial infections
B cells
43
naturally acquired passive immunity
transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk
44
artificially acquired passive immunity
administration of antibodies to combat infection
45
innate (nonspecific) immunity
genetically determined or no prior exposure
46
memory (immunity)
some inactive lymphocytes (memory cells)
-stay in circulation
-provide immunity against new exposure
47
tolerance
immune system ignores normal antigens
ability of immune system to kill you
48
everytime a T cell divides
one fights
other becomes a memory T cell
49
MHC cells
cell gets infected by bacteria
bacteria sheds proteins
cell has to flag down B or T cell
takes a piece of bacteria and sticks it onto MHC
MHC sticks it on a surface and reaches plasma membrane within transport vesicles
50
red
piece of an antigen
51
CD8 markers
cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells
1 MHC protiens
52
CD8 markers
helper T cells
II MHC protiens
53
CD8 and CD4
bind to CD3 complex (on all T cells)
prepare cell for activation
54
CD8 T cells
needs MHC protein with an antigen to get activated
-only T cells that are going to destroy that bacteria are going to be activated by the MHC protein with the antigen in it
-one produces cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells, other produces regulatory T cells
55
CD8 T cells encounter
appropriate antigen bound to class I MHC protien
56
Antigen recognition and costimulation
T cell activation and cell division producing active cytotoxic T cells and memory Tc cells
57
Costimulation
T cell must be stimulated by the abnormal target cell
58
Active Tc cell destroys
antigen-bearing cell
59
perforin release
destruction of plasma membranes by creating perforations in plasma membrane / release cytokines to start apoptosis
60
Cytokine release
stimulation of apoptosis
61
Lymphotoxin release
disruption of cell metabolism
62
Memory Cytotoxic T cells
-produced with cytotoxic T cells
-stay in circulation
-form cytotoxic T cells if same antigen appears again
63
Helper T cells secrete
cytokines that stimulate B and T cells
-cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
64
activated B cells divide into
plasma cells to synthesize and secrete antibodies into the fluid
65
B cell divides into memory B cells
like memory T cells, remain in reserve to respond to next infection
66
Immunoglobins
constant segments of heavy chains that determine classes of antibodies
-IgG
-IgE
-IgD
-IgM
-IgA
67
IgG
resistance against everything
crosses placenta
maternal IgG provides passive immunity to the fetus
68
IgE
basophils, mast cells
if antigen bounds -> cell releases histamine -> accelerated inflammation
allergic response
69
IgD
on surfaces of B cells where it binds antigens to activate in extracellular fluid
70
IgM
similar to IgG (both secreted by plasma cells, released in blood, binds to targets) but not as potent, but gives immediate response
-released before IgG
71
IgA
secretions: mucus, tears, saliva, semen
72
Actions of antibodies
-neutralization of antigen-binding site
-precipitation/ agglutination - formation of immune complexes
-activation of complement system
-attractions of phagocytes
-stimulation of inflammation
-prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion
73
first exposure
produces primary response
74
next exposure
triggers secondary response
more extensive and prolonged
75
primary response of B cells
takes time to develop
antigens activate B cells -> run it to geminal center, antibodies increase
plasma cells differentiate
antibody titer- level of antibodies in plasma slowly rises
76
primary response
IgM and IgG antibodies do not remain elevated
77
secondary response
very rapid increase in IgG, levels rise much higher than primary response
-antibody levels remain elevated for an extended period after the second exposure to the antigen
78
Immunocompetence
produce immune response after exposure to antigen
79
Respiratory system gases
oxygen (ATP synthesis)
carbon dioxide (product of cellular respiration metabolism; gets rid of hydrogen, acids)
80
blood carries oxygen
O2 from lungs -> peripheral tissues
CO2 from peripheral tissues -> lungs
81
functions of respiratory system
gas exhange
protects respiratory surfaces: dehydration, temperature changes, pathogens
produce sounds
detect odors
82
larynx
establishes boundary between upper and lower respiratory systems
83
conducting portion
conducts air but no exchanging it
-nasal cavity -> larger bronchioles
84
respiratory portion
smallest respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (gas exhange)
*part of air exchanged with blood
85
Ciliated columnar epithilieum
movement of mucus to pharynx
ciliary movement propels mucus across epithelial surface
86
functions of mucos
respiratory defense system - removes particles and pathogens from inhaled air
87
Alveolar epithileum
lines exchange surfaces of alveoli
delicate, simple squamous epithelium
1 layer so it can exchange oxygen
88
Respiratory defense system
-filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
-mucous cells and mucous glands
-cilia
-alveolar macrophages: phagocytic immune cells + destroy cells innate
89
function of nasal hairs
trap large particles in air
90
meatuse
narrow passageways that produce air turbelence to:
1) trap particles in mucous
2) warm and humidify incoming air
3)bring olfactory stimuli to olfactory receptors
91
Epiglottis
flap that covers glottis when swallowing
prevents food and liquids from entering respiratory tract when swallowing
92
Phonation
sound production at larynx
just any sound that you make
93
Articulation
sound modification with lips, tongue and teeth
*words
94
Capillaries wrapped around alveoli results in
-interaction between blood and air
-results in gas exchange
95
bronchodilation
-sympathetic activation
-more air goes in
-enlarges diameter of airway
-reduces resistance to airflow
96
bronchioconstriction
parasympathetic activation
histamine release
reduces luminal diameter of airway
97
Pneumocytes
Type 1: thin/ delicate alveolar cells that line the alveolar surface
Type 2: alveolar cells that secrete surfactant proteins to reduce surface tension
98
Surfactant
protien liquid that coats alveoli and allows it to expand so that lungs do not collapse
*reduces surface tension
99
Gas exchange occurs across Blood air barrier (alveoli -> blood)
3 layers:
alveolar cell
capillary endothelial
fused basement membrane btw them
*after going across 3 layers, it reaches blood
100
gas exhange
quick and efficient since the distance for diffusion is short and O2 and CO2 are small and lipid-soluble
101
Lobes of lungs
right: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
left: 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
102
Pulmonary embolism
blockage in pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to the alveoli
103
Parietal Pleura
lines inner surface of thoracic wall
104
Visceral pleura
covers outer surfaces of lungs
105
pleural fluid
lubricates space between the 2 layers
106
external respiration
macrolevel: exchanging gases w external environment
Oxygen comes in, CO2 goes out
107
internal respiration
cellular level
O2 goes into cells, CO2 goes out of cell
result of cellular respiration
108
integrated steps in external respiration
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
gas diffusion
transport of O2 and CO2
109
hypoxia
low tissue oxygen levels
110
pulmonary ventilation
-breathing
-physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract
111
Boyles Law
change in lung volume changes air pressure
-if pressure decreases, air goes from high -> low
112
when breathing, external intercostals
pull rubs closer together and upwards, pulls lungs outward and expands volume
113
when phrenic nerve contracts
ribs flatten out
pulls lungs downward and expands
114
primary respiratory muscles
Diaphragm: upward movement decreased lung volume
External intercostals
115
Pulmonary ventilation depends on
volume
pressure
thoracic cavity
diaphragm or rib cage
116
Pneumothorax
air enters pleural cavity
due to injury to chest wall/ rupture of alveoli
results in: atelectasis (collapsed lung)
117
Resistance
force of breathing
bronchodilation: less resistance
bronchoconstriction: more resistance
118
Compliance
measure of expandability
-factors influencing it:
connective tissue of lungs
level of surfactant production
mobility of thoracic cage
119
anatomic dead space (VD)
blood not being exchanged with the blood
-volume of air that remains in conducting passages
120
respiratory rate
number of breaths per minute
-works on the cardiovascular system
121
tidal volume
amount of air moved per breath
122
Cardiac output equals
heart rate x stroke volume
123
respiratory minute volume (Ve)
amount of air moved per minute
calculated as: respiratory rate x tidal volume
measures pulmonary ventilation
124
Pulmonary function tests
measure rates and volumes of air movements
125
Spirometer
measures rate and volume of air movement
126
residual volume
if you exhale, still have some air in the lungs
127
gas and diffusion occur
due to differences in concentration gradient
128
efficiency of gas exchange
-substantial differences in partial pressure across blood air barrier
-gas exchange distances are short
-oxygen and carbon dioxide are lipid soluble
-total surface area is large
-blood flow and airflow are coordinated
CO2 is higher in blood coming to the alveoli
129
why do lungs go all the way in?
to maximize oxygen going in and carbon dioxide coming out
130
VQ match/mismatch
V= air into lungs
Q= blood flow
131
external respiration alveoli conc.
alveoli conc. must be higher for gas after blood arrives
132
Right blood cells (RBCs)
transport oxygen to and CO2 from peripheral tissues
removes o2 and co2 from plasma, allowing gases to continue to diffuse into blood
133
oxygen binds to
iron in hemoglobin molecules
each Hb molecule binds 4 oxygen molecules
134
Hemoglobin saturation
percentage of heme units containing bound oxygen at any given moment
135
Factors affecting Hb saturation
Po2 of blood
Blood pH (low pH gets rid of O2 from hemoglobin)
temperature (high temp drives O2 off)
metabolic activity within RBCs
136
oxygen conc during exercise
low; muscle doing work during exercise has low oxygen bc muscles suck it up
137
Oxygen- hemoglobin saturation curve
higher Po2 = greater Hb saturation
138
why is the oxygen-hemoglobin curve curved?
Hb changes shape everytime a molecule of oxygen binds
-allosteric change
each oxygen bound makes next oxygen bind more easily
139
Hb curve shirts right
-when pH drops
-temp rises
-more oxygen is released
-exercise
140
Hb curve shifts left
when pH rises
temp drops
less oxygen released
141
Biphosphoglycerate (BPG)
causes more oxygen to release
142
fetal Hb
binds to more oxygen which allows fetus to take o2 from maternal blood
-holds onto o2 tighter since it cant readily get o2 from outside environment
-left shift!
143
carbon monoxide
binds strongly to Hb
takes place of/competes against oxygen
144
carbon dioxide in bloodstream is carried 3 ways:
converted to carbonic acid bicarbonate
bound to Hb within RBCs
dissolved in plasma
145
70% of carbon dioxide is transported as
bicarbonate
146
V/Q ratio
ventilation to perfusion ratio
v= how much air reaches alveoli
q= how much blood gets into the lungs
lung perfusion (blood flow to alveoli)
alveolar ventilation (airflow)
147
V/Q ratio increases during
exercise
148
V/Q ratio for good exchange
1:1
149
V/Q ratio less than 1
blood flow problem; increased respiratory rate
150
high carbon dioxide leads to
vasodilation and bronchiodilation to get rid of it
151
hypercapnia
increase in arterial CO2
caused by hypoventilation: decreased rate of breathing
chemoreceptors increase respiration rate and depth
152
homeostasis pathway for increased CO2
increased co2 detected -> chemoreceptors in arteries and medulla oblongata -> respiratory muscles stimulated -> increased respiratory rate with increased elimination of co2 at alveoli
153
hypocapnia
low pCO2
caused by hyperventilation
chemoreceptor decreases and respiratory rate falls
154
baroreceptor reflexes
carotid and aortic arch stimulation affects BP and respiratory centers
155
when BP falls
respiratory rate increases due to carbon dioxide building up in blood
156
when blood pressure increases
respiratory rate decreases
157
blood going towards alveoli is
low in O2
higher in CO2
158
since the alveoli is high in O2 and low in CO2
as the blood passes by, the gases are exchanged so that the blood past the alveoli is now high in O2 and low in CO2
159
oral cavity (major organ of digestive tract)
ingestion
mechanical digestion
moistening, mixing with salivary secretions
160
pharynx and esophagus (major organ of digestive tract)
propulsion towards the stomach
161
stomach (major organ of digestive tract)
storage
digestion
chyme formation (food= liquified)
162
small intestine (major organ of digestive tract)
enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substances, vitamins, ions
163
large intestine
dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination
163
teeth
mechanical digestion by chewing/ mastication
164
tongue
assists mechanical digestion with teeth, sensory analysis
165
salivary glands
secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbs
166
liver
metabolism and detoxification
bile
167
gallbladder
bile storage and secretion
168
pancreas
enzymatic secretion for digestion
169
digestive processes
ingestion - eating
mechanical digestion - chewing
chemical digestion - breaking bonds
secretion - something added to food to break it down
absorption - small intestine
defecation - water and nutrients are taken out of it, now in colon
170
functions of oral cavity
-sensory analysis: of food before swallowing
-mechanical digestion: through teeth, tongue
-lubrication: by mixing with saliva and mucus
-limited chemical digestion: of carbs and lipids via amylase
171
Amylase is secreted by
salivary glands, pancreas
172
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands
*produce saliva, amylase, mucus
173
salivary glands produce
serous secretion containing AMYLASE to break down starches
174
salivary glands produce mucus
acts as a buffer and lubricant
175
functions of saliva
cleaning oral surfaces
moistening and lubricating food
keeping pH 7
controlling bacteria and acid pops.
dissolving chemicals stimulating taste buds
digestion of complex carbs with salivary amylase
176
parasympathetic stimulation accelerates
secretion by salivary glands
177
mastication (chewing)
food is forced from oral cavity -> vestibule and back across occlusal surfaces of teeth
178
muscles of mastication
close jaws
slide lower jaw side to side
179
tongue compacts chewed food into
bolus
-moist, rounded ball
-easy to swallow
180
chyme
partially digested food mixed with acidic secretions of stomach
-bolus mixes with gastric acid to form it
181
gastric glands
gastric pit communicates with gastric glands
-parietal cells: B12, intrinsic factor, HCL
-chief cells: pepsinogen -> pepsin (active proteolytic enzyme)
182
deficiency associated with parietal cells results in
anemia
183
Liver lobules
-portal triad containing interlobular vein, artery, bile duct
184
gallbladder parts
fundus
body
neck
185
Duodenum
pancreatic enzymes and bile is released
186
anatomy of liver
hepatocytes
-liver cells
-circulates levels of nutrients through selective absorption and secretion
187
functions of liver
metabolic regulation
hematological regulation
bile production
stores B12
188
regulatory activities of liver
carb, lipid, AA metabolism
waste removal
vitamin and mineral storage
drug inactivation
189
gallbladder
Stores and produces bile
Emulsification in duodenum
190
gallbladder releases bile into
duodenum only when stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK)
191
when chyme enters duodenum
CCK is released
-hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes/ opens up
-gallbladder contracts
192
segments of small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
193
primary muscle in small intestine
smooth muscle
194
duodeum function
mixing bowl; recieves chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
195
mucous protects epithileum from
acidity of chyme
196
major hormones of duodenum
gastrin
secretin
GIP
CCK
VIP
enterocrin
197
jejunum
most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
198
ileum
ends at ileocecal valve
-sphincter controls flow from ileum into cecum of large intestine
199
gastrin
-acid production by parietal cells
-stimulates gastric motility
200
GIP
release of insulin from pancreas
201
secretin and CCK
releases pancreatic enzymes and buffer
bile secretion and ejection of bile from gallbladder
202
VIP
dilation of intestinal capillaries
203
Enterocrinin
-released when chyme enters duodenum
-stimulates alkaline mucus production by submucosal glands
204
parts of large intestine
cecum: pouchlike first portion
colon: largest portion
rectum: end of digestive tract
205
functions of large intestine
absorption or reabsorption of:
-water
-nutrients left over
-bile salts
-organic wastes
-vitamins and toxins produced by bacteria
-intestinal contents into feces
-storage of fecal material prior to defecation
206
microbiome
bacteria, fungi, viruses in human body including those that inhabit large intestine
207
Vitamin K
fat soluble
-liver synthesizes clotting factors including prothrombin
208
Biotin
water soluble
glucose metabolism
209
Vitamin B5 (pantotheic acid)
water soluble
manufacture steroid hormones
210
organic wastes
bacteria convert bilirubin -> urobilogens and stercobilogens
211
order of parts of the large intestine
rectum
anal canal
anal column
internal anal sphinter
external anal sphinter
anus
212
esophagus histology
nonkeratonixed
stratified squamous epithelium
213
stomach histology
simple columnar epithelium
-good for absorption, secretions
214
peristalsis
wave-like movement of muscular contractions to move food
215
segmentation
mechanical contactions that churn and fragment bolus; grinding food
-mixing contents with intestinal secretions
216
Factors that move food along digestive tract
local factors: pH, volume, chemical composition; release chemicals
neural mechanisms: visceral motor neurons (smooth muscles), short and long reflexes
hormonal mechanisms: enteroendocrine cells produce peptide hormones
217
GERD
chronic acid reflux from stomach into esophagus
symptoms: heartburn, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing
218
peptic ulcer disease
lining of the stomach, esophagus or small intestine caused by Helicobacter pylori or prolonged use of NSAIDs
219
celiac disease
autoimmune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten, leading to damage in the small intestine
symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, fatigue
220
Purpose of ATP
constructs new organic molecules
221
metabolism
sum of all chemical and physical changes in body tissues
222
catabolism
large -> small molecules
-breakdown released energy used to synthesize ATP
223
anabolism
small -> large molecules
synthesis of new organic compounds that form new chemical bonds
224
functions of anabolism
perform structural maintenance/ repairs
support growth
produce secretions
store nutrient reserves
225
nutrient pool
all available nutrient molecules distributed in blood
226
Electron transport chain (ETC)
mitochondria
-electrons are ultimately transferred to oxygen
227
triglycerides
3 fatty acid, 1 glycerol
abundant storage lipids
fatty acids
228
glycogen
abundant storage carbs
branched chain of glucose
skeletal muscle and liver
229
protiens
abundant organic components
vital cellular functions
230
Carbs, Protiens, Fats
krebs cycle -> ETC to get energy
231
cellular respiration
glucose
glycolysis
pyruvate
acetyl COA
krebs
ETC
*glucose -> ETC
232
aerobic metabolism
acetyl COA -> Krebs -> ETC
233
oxidative phosphorylation
95% of ATP
mitochondria
ETC -> ATP
oxygen
234
Protien synthesis
Amino acids form protiens
235
Glycogenolysis
glycogen broken down to glucose
236
gluconogenesis
synthesis of glucose from noncarbs
-glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and skelatal muscle
237
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen -> glucose
238
Glycogenesis
formation of glycogen from excess glucose
239
Lipogenesis
fats created from excess glucose
240
Lipolysis
lipids break down
241
Lipogenesis
synthesis of fatty acids/ lipids
242
Beta-oxidation
breaks fatty acids into 2 carbons
243
cholestrol
bile, steroids, vitamin D, cell membrane
synthesized in liver
transported in blood as lipoprotiens
244
Lipoprotiens
lipid-protien complexes
contain large insoluble glycerides and cholestorol
four groups of lipoprotiens
245
4 groups of Lipoprotiens
chylomicrons
VLDLs
LDLs
HDLs
246
chlyomicrons
smallest lipoproteins
247
Very- low density lipoprotiens (VLDLs)
cholestrol and triglycerides
made in liver and sent to tissues for energy and cell membrane
248
Low density lipoprotiens (LDLs)
bad cholestorol
cholesterol from liver -> other tissues
high conc of cholestorol -> plaque formation
249
high density lipoprotiens (HDLs)
good cholesterol
excess cholesterol from tissues back to liver to make bile
250
Macronutrients
carbs
fats
protiens
dna/ rna
251
Micronutrients
vitamins
minerals
water
252
simple carbohydrates
fructose and glucose (fruits, vegetables)
lactose (milk)
sucrose (refined + purified to produce table sugar)
253
glucose
primary source of energy of all body cells
-excess stored as glycogen
-liver (purification/ regulation point) and skeletal muscle
254
glycemic index
how fast does blood glucose level raise
-number from 0-100 represents relative rise in blood glucose level 2 hours after consuming that food
255
high GI
for a hypoglycemic pt, give something with high GI to raise BGL
256
low GI
for a hyperglycemic pt, give something with low Gi
257
starch
-broken to glucose first
-slower to process
-provide energy for a longer period of time
-example: bread, cereal, pasta, potatoes
258
soluble fibers
oat bran, beans, apples, carrots, vegetables
259
insoluble fiber
-absorbs water and helps provide needed bulk to diet
-whole grains, skins and seeds of fruits and vegetables
260
lipids
1g Fat provides more energy than 1g Carb
261
Saturated fats
-solid @ room temp
-tropical oils, butter, animal fats
-heart disease, obesity, cancer
262
Unsaturated fats
-liquid at room temp
-monounsaturated: lack one pair of hydrogen atoms ex. olive + peanut oils
-polyunsaturated: lack 2 or more pairs of hydrogen atoms
263
Cholestrol
-cell membranes, nerve tissues
-not an essential nutrient bc liver produces it
-risk of heart and artery diseases
-LDL: deposit in artery walls
-HDL: cells to liver (recycling) and intestines (excretion)
264
Primary function of Protiens
build/ repair tissues
9 essential from diet
11 nonessential body produces
265
Vitamins
needed in small amounts
body cannot make most vitamins
266
Fat-soluble vitamins
dissolve fats and can be stored in body
267
Vitamin A
source: liver
signs of deficiency: night blindness, respiratory infections
268
Vitamin D
source: sun's UV rays
function: absorption of phosphorus and calcium
signs of deficiency: rickets (poor bone development), malformation of teeth
269
Vitamin E
signs of deficiency: anemia
270
Vitamin K
source: green leafy veggies
function: normal clotting of blood
signs of deficiency: slow clotting of blood
271
Water soluble vitamins
-dissolve in water
-fruits and veggies
-Thiamin (B1)
-Riboflavin (B2)
-Niacin
-B6
-Folacin
-B12
-Pantotheic acid
-Biotin
-C (ascorbic acid)
