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Summer Sem 1 Final Exam Prep > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

2 layers of pericardium

A

Fibrous: thick, extends from roots of great vessell to diaphragm. prevent overfilling of heart
Serous:
- visceral (deep, right on surface of heart)
- parietal (immediately deep to fibrous)

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2
Q

2 landmarks when locating coronary vessels

A

Atrioventicular & interventricular groove

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3
Q

To observe coronary arteries, you must reflect…

A

right & left auricles

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4
Q

Major branches of left coronary artery

A

1) Circumflex artery, branches out by atrioventricular groove
2) Anterior interventricular artery, runs by the interventricular groove

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5
Q

Major branches of right coronary artery

A

1) Sinoatrial nodal artery, by the location of the SA node
2) Marginal artery: inferior margin of the heart
3) Posterior interventricular artery: runs posterior to the heart, takes a 90 degree turn to “meet” with anterior interventricular artery

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6
Q

All venous blood of the heart heads towards the ____ which empties into the _____, with the exception of _________

A

Coronary sinus, right atrium, anterior cardiac veins which empties directly into the right atrium

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7
Q

Exists between the atria and ventricles to allow one way blood flow

A

Right AV valve (tricuspid): between right atrium and right ventricle

Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral): between left atrium and left ventricle

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8
Q

What is “try before you buy”?

A

Tricuspid comes before the bicuspid in terms of blood flow

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9
Q

3 components of AV valves

A

1) Cusps
2) Tendinous Cords
3) Papillary Muscles

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10
Q

Where are aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves found and what is their purpose?

A

found in pulmonary aorta and pulmonary trunk

they close to prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles during ventricular diastole (relaxation)

They open during ventricular systole to allow blood to pump out of ventricles

Aortic semilunar valve: left ventricule

Pulmonary semilunar valve: right ventricle

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11
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

area receiving fetal blood flow

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12
Q

Components in the superior mediastinum

A

Brachiocephalic veins: combine to form superior vena cava
Arch of aorta (3 parts):
1) brachiocephalic trunk
- right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

2) left common carotid artery
3) left subclavian

Trachea & Esophagus

Azygos Vein (right blue thorax): receives venous blood from intercostal spaces, empties into SVC

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13
Q

Major structures present in posterior mediastinum

A

Esophagus

Descending/thoracic aorta

  • Supplies blood to:
  • intercostal spaces (posterior intercostal arteries)
  • Esophagus
  • Pericardium
  • Lungs (bronchial arteries)
  • Diaphragm (phrenic arteries)

2 nerves: vagus and phrenic

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14
Q

Methods of inspiration

A

Drop in intrathoracic pressure allows air to flow into lungs through:

  • Intercostal muscle contraction: sternum and ribs left, increased anterior-posterior dimension
  • Diaphragm contraction: diaphragm drops, increased vertical dimension
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15
Q

3 openings in diaphragm

A

vena cava aperture
esophageal hiatus
aortic hiatus

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16
Q

4 muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall

A
  1. External oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. transversus abdominus
  4. rectus abdominus
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17
Q

Major functions of anterolatearl abdominal wall

A
  • support and protect abdominal viscera
  • alter intra-abdominal pressure
  • move trunk
  • help maintain posture
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18
Q

Components of pelvic girdle

A

Sacrum

2 hip bones made up of ilium, ischium, pubis

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19
Q

Posterior abdominal wall muscles

A

Iliopsoas: psoas major & iliacus

Quadratus Lumborum

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20
Q

Iliopsoas actions & innervation

A

Flex thigh at hip, flex vertebral column, stabilize hip
Psoas major: L2-L4 anterior rami
Iliacus: femoral n.

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21
Q

QL action & innervation

A

extends & lateral flex vertebral column

Anterior rami of T12-L4

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22
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

Lumbar Plexus: Anterior rami of L1-L4 (muscles of anterior and medial thigh)
Sacral Plexus: anterior rami of L4-L5, S1-S4 (muscles of gluteal region) - sciatic n.: posterior thigh, leg, foot

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23
Q

which n. exit through greater sciatic foramen

A

gluteal and sciatic n.

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24
Q

which n. is deep to inguinal ligament?

A

femoral n.

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25
Q

Nerves that make up Lumbar Plexus (review schematic and cadaver!!!)

A
  • Illiohypogastric nerve (L1)
  • Illioinguinal nerve (L1)
  • Genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)
  • Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2-L3)
  • Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
  • Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)
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26
Q

Landmark for iliohypogastic and ilioinguinal nerves

A

quadratus lumborum

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27
Q

Landmark for genitofemoral n

A

psoas major

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28
Q

landmark for lateral cutaneous n. of thigh

A

iliacus

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29
Q

landmark for femoral and obturator n.

A

psoas major

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30
Q

Muscles that make up wall of pelvic cavity

A

obturator internus

piriformis

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31
Q

muscles that make up floor of pelvic cavity

A 
Levator Ani
- puborectalis
- pubococcygeus
- iliococcygeous
Ischiococcygeus
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32
Q

Glute Max: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A

Origin:

  • Ilium: posterior to posterior gluteal line
  • sacrum
  • sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion:

  • Gluteal tuberosity of femur
  • lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial tract

Action:

  • Extension of femur
  • lateral rotation of femur
  • abduction of femur (upper fibers)
  • adduction of femur (lower fibers)

Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve

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33
Q

Glute Med: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A

origin: ilium - between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
insertion: greater trochanter of femur (lateral aspect)

Action:

  • abduction of femur
  • medial rotation and flexion at hip (anterior fibers)
  • lateral rotation and extension at hip (posterior fibers)
  • Steadies pelvis when opposite limb is raised

Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

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34
Q

Glute min: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A

Origin: ilium - between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

Insertion: greater trochanter of femur (anterior aspect)

Action:

  • abduction of femur
  • medial rotation and flexion at hip
  • stead pelvis when opposite limb is raised

innervation: superior gluteal nerve

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35
Q

What is the trandelendberg gait?

A

hip of unaffected side drops due to weak hip abductors (glute med and min)

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36
Q

Tensor Fascia Lata: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A

Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) & iliac crest

insertion: lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial tract
action:

  • abduction of femur
  • medial rotation of femur
  • flexion at hip

innervation: superior gluteal nerve

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37
Q

Using piriformis as a landmark to ID pathways for superior gluteal, interior gluteal, and sciatic nerves

A
  • superior gluteal n. : superior to piriformis
  • inferior gluteal n. : inferior and medial to piriformis
  • sciatic n. : inferior and lateral to piriformis
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38
Q

Small lateral rotators at hip: assiting in abduction of thigh

A
  • Piriformis
  • superior gemellus
  • obturator internus
  • inferior gemellus
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39
Q

Small lateral rotators at hip: assisting in lateral rotation at hip and stabilizing head of femur

A
  • quadratus femoris
  • Piriformis
  • superior gemellus
  • obturator internus
  • inferior gemellus
40
Q

Small lateral rotators at hip: assisting in lateral and stabilizing hip joint

A

obturator externus

41
Q

Quadratus femoris: origin, insertion

A

origin: anterior aspect of ischial tuberosity
insertion: intertrochanteric crest of femur or quadrate tubercle

42
Q

Superior and inferior gemellus origin insertion

A

origin:

  • SG: ischial spine
  • IG: ischial tuberosity

insertion:

  • both insert on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter
43
Q

Obturator internus and externus origin and insertion

A

origin:

  • OI: medial surface of obturator membrane, ischium, and rim of pubis
  • OE: anterior surface of obturator membrane, bony boundaries of obturator foramen

Insertion:

  • OI: exists through lesser sciatic foramen to insert into greater trochanter of proximal femur
  • OE: Trochanteric fossa of femur or medial aspect of the greater trochanter
44
Q

pirifomis origin and insertion

A

origin: sacrum
insertion: greater trochanter

45
Q

3 muscles of posterior thigh

A
  1. semimembranosus
  2. semitendinosus
  3. biceps femoris (long & short heads)
46
Q

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus O, I, A, In

A

origin for both:

  • ischial tuberosity

Insertion:

  • SM: medial condyle of tibia
  • ST: tibia (superior part of medial surface)

action:

  • extension of thigh at hip
  • flexion at knee
  • medial rotation of leg

innervation:

  • sciatic nerve: tibial division
47
Q

Biceps femoris O, I,A, In

A

Origin:

  • long head: ischial tuberosity
  • short head: lateral lip of linea aspera of femur
  • short head is deep to long head

Insertion:

  • long head: head of fibula
  • short head: head of fibula

Action:

  • extension of thigh at hip (long head)
  • flexion at knee
  • lateral rotation of leg

innervation:

  • long head: sciatic nerve - tibial division
  • short head: sciatic nerve - fibular division
48
Q

Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh

A

Upper and lower Femur

Pubic bone

49
Q

Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh: upper femur

A

greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, lesser trochanter

50
Q

Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh: lower femur

A

adductor tubercle, medial epicondyle of femur, medial condyle of tibia, tibial tuberosity

51
Q

Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh: lower femur

A

adductor tubercle, medial epicondyle of femur, medial condyle of tibia, tibial tuberosity

52
Q

Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh: pubic bone

A

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

53
Q

Muscles of anterior thigh, all innervated by, all contribute to

A

Iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius, quadriceps femoris group

all innervated by femoral nerve

all contribute to flexion at hip

54
Q

Sartorius O, I, A, In

A

origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Insertion: tibia (superior aspect of medial surface)

Action:

  • flexion
  • abduction
  • lateral rotation
  • of thigh at hip joint
    • flex at knee

Innervation: femoral nerve

55
Q

4 quad femoris muscles and innervation

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus itermedius
femoral n.

56
Q

Rectus femoris O, I, A

A

Origin: ASIS

Insertion: base of patella, tibial tuberosity via patella ligament

Action:

  • flex at hip
  • extend at knee
57
Q

Vastus lateralis & medialis O I A

A

Origin:

  • VL: Greater trochanter, lateral lip of linea aspera
  • VM: intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea spera

Both insert into:

  • base of patella
  • tibial tuberosity via patella ligament

Action for both: extension of leg at knee

58
Q

Vastus intermedius O I A

A

Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of femur

insertion:

  • base of patella
  • tibial tuberosity via patella ligament

action: extension of leg at knee

59
Q

Muscles of medial thigh

A

adductor longus/brevis/magnus
gravilis
pectineus
obturator externus

60
Q

3 muscles of thigh that insert on tibia

A

Sartorius, semitendinosus, gracilis

61
Q

Pectineus O, I, A, In

A

origin: Superior pubic ramus (pectineal line of pubis)
insertion: pectineal line of femur, linea aspera

action:

  • adduction of thigh at hip
  • flexion of thigh at hip
  • medial rotation at hip

Innervation:

  • femoral nerve
  • Obturator nerve??
62
Q

Adductor longus & brevis O I A In

A

Origin: pubic bone

insertion: linea aspera of femur
action: adduction of thigh
innervation: obturator n.

63
Q

Adductor magnus O I A In

A

Origin:

  • adductor portion: pubic bone & ramus of ischium
  • hamstring portion: ischial tuberosity

Insertion:

  • Adduction portion: linea aspera
  • hamstring portion: adductor tubercle of femur

Action:

  • adductor portion: adduction and flexion of thigh
  • hamstring portion: adduction and extension of thigh

Innervation:

  • adductor portion: obturator n.
  • hamstring portion: sciatic n. (tibial division)
64
Q

Gracilis O I A In

A

Origin: pubic bone

insertion: tibia - superior aspect of medial surface

Action:

  • adduction of thigh
  • flexion of leg at knee
  • medial rotation of leg

innervation: obturator n.

65
Q

Obturator Externus O I A In

A

origin: obturator membrane, margins of obturator foramen
insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur
action:

  • lateral rotation at hip joint
  • stabilization of hip joint

Innervation: obturator n.

66
Q

Component of femoral triangle (review schematic too)

A

Boundaries:

  • Inguinal Ligament
  • Sartorius
  • Adductor Longus

Floor:

  • Iliopsoas - iliacus & psoas
  • Pectineus

Contains:

  • Femoral nerve
  • Femoral artery
  • femoral veins
67
Q

Component of femoral triangle (review schematic too)

A

Boundaries:

  • Inguinal Ligament
  • Sartorius
  • Adductor Longus

Floor:

  • Iliopsoas - iliacus & psoas
  • Pectineus

Contains:

  • Femoral nerve
  • Femoral artery
  • femoral veins
68
Q

Component of femoral triangle (review schematic too)

A

Boundaries:

  • Inguinal Ligament
  • Sartorius
  • Adductor Longus

Floor:

  • Iliopsoas - iliacus & psoas
  • Pectineus

Contains:

  • Femoral nerve
  • Femoral artery
  • femoral veins
69
Q

Femoral artery relationships

A
  • Check for medial femoral circumflex artery between iliopsoas and pectineus
  • lateral femoral circumflex artery travels laterally and deep to rectus femoris
  • femoral artery comes out from inguinal ligament, will travel distal and deep to adductor longus
  • obturator n. anterior branch will travel anterior to adductor brevis, posterior will travel posterior to adductor brevis
70
Q

Femoral artery relationships

A
  • Check for medial femoral circumflex artery between iliopsoas and pectineus
  • lateral femoral circumflex artery travels laterally and deep to rectus femoris
  • femoral artery comes out from inguinal ligament, will travel distal and deep to adductor longus
  • obturator n. anterior branch will travel anterior to adductor brevis, posterior will travel posterior to adductor brevis
71
Q

3 compartments of leg and their relationship

A

1) Posterior Compartment

  • All muscles in the posterior compartment insert posterior to the malleolus
  • contributes to: flexion at knee & digits, plantar-flexion, inversion

2) Anterior Compartment

  • All muscles in the anterior compartment insertion anterior malleolus
  • contribute to: dorsi-flexion, extension, inversion

3) Lateral Compartment

  • all muscles insert posterior to malleolus
  • contributes to eversion and plantar-flexion (weak)
72
Q

2 nerves that innervate muscles of the leg

A

common fibular n. (deep & superficial branches)
tibial n.
both split from sciatic n.

73
Q

Common fibular n innervates…

A

anterior and lateral compartment of leg

74
Q

superficial branch of common fibular innervates…

A

lateral compartment of leg

75
Q

deep branch of common fibular innervates…

A

anterior compartment of jleg

76
Q

Tibial n. innervates…

A

posterior compartment of leg

77
Q

deep branch of common fibular innervates…

A

anterior compartment of leg

78
Q

Blood supply to the leg is provided by… (review schematic for neuromasculature of leg, lesson 24)

A

The popliteal artery, which is a distal extension of the femoral artery. distal branches of the popliteal include the anterior and posterior tibial arteries and the fibular artery

79
Q

Blood supply to the leg is provided by… (review schematic for neuromasculature of leg, lesson 24)

A

The popliteal artery, which is a distal extension of the femoral artery. distal branches of the popliteal include the anterior and posterior tibial arteries and the fibular artery

80
Q

Relevant foot osteology for leg (review schematics, lesson 25)

A

Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Tarsals: calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)

81
Q

Superficial muscles of Posterior compartment of leg

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

82
Q

Deep muscles of posterior comparmtne of leg

A

tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, popliteus

83
Q

muscles of lateral compartment of leg

A

fibularis longus & brevis

84
Q

muscles of anterior compartment of leg

A

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

85
Q

Gastrocnemius O I A In

A

Origin:

  • Lateral head - lateral condyle of femur
  • Medial head - superior to medial condyle of femur

Insertion: Posterior aspect of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon

Action:

  • Flexion at knee
  • plantar flexion at ankle
  • raises heel when walking

Innervation: tibial nerve

86
Q

Plantaris O I A IN

A

O:

  • Lateral condyle of femur

Insertion: Posterior aspect of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon

Action:

  • plantar flexion at ankle (weak)

Innervation: tibial n.

87
Q

Soleus O I A IN

A

O:

  • Posterior fibula - superior 1/4
  • Posterior tibia - soleal line

Insertion: Posterior aspect of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon

action:

  • plantar flexion at ankle

Innervation: tibial n.

88
Q

Popliteus O I A IN

A

Origin:

  • lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur

Insertion:

  • posterior surface of tibia superior to soleal line

Action:

  • flexion at knee (weak)
  • unlocks knee
  • rotate femur on fixed tibia
  • rotate tibia of unplanted limb

Innervation: tibial n.

89
Q

Tibialis Posterior O I IN

A

Origin:

  • posterior tibia
  • posterior fibula
  • interosseous membrane

Insertion:

  • navicular
  • cuneiform
  • cuboid
  • bases of metatarsals 2-4

Innervation: tibial n.

90
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus O I IN

A

O: Posterior tibia

I: bases of distal phalanges, 2-5

Innervation: tibial n.

91
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus O I IN

A

O:

  • posterior fibula
  • interosseous membrane

I: bases of distal phalanges, big toe

Innervation: tibial n.

92
Q

Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior actions

A
  • Plantarflexion at ankle
  • FHL & FDL: flexion at joints proximal to insertion
  • TP: inversion of foot
93
Q

Tibialis Anterior O I A IN

A

Origin:

  • Tibia - lateral surface

Insertion:

  • 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform

Action:

  • Dorsiflexion at ankle
  • Inversion of foot

Innervation: deep branch of common fibular n.

94
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus O I A IN

A

Origin:

  • Fibula - anterior surface

Insertion:

  • middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

Action:

  • dorsiflexion at ankle
  • Extension at joints proximal to insertion

Innervation: deep branch of common fibular n.

95
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus O I A IN

A

Origin:

  • Fibula - anterior surface

Insertion:

  • Distal phalanx of great toe

Action:

  • dorsiflexion at ankle
  • extension at joints proximal to insertion

Innervation: deep branch of common fibular n.

96
Q

Fibularis Longus & Brevis O I A In

A

Both originate from the lateral aspect of fibula

Insertion:

  • FL - medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal
  • FB - base of 5th metatarsal

Action:

  • eversion of foot
  • plantar flexion at ankle (weak)

Innervation: superficial branch of common fibular n.

97
Q

Fibularis Longus & Brevis O I A In

A

Both originate from the lateral aspect of fibula

Insertion:

  • FL - medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal
  • FB - base of 5th metatarsal

Action:

  • eversion of foot
  • plantar flexion at ankle (weak)

Innervation: superficial branch of common fibular n.

Summer Sem 1 Final Exam Prep (3 decks)

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