Anatomy Final study guide Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Plasma
A
Fluid portion of blood
2
Q
erythrocytes
A
Red Blood Count, transport O2
3
Q
leukocytes
A
White Blood Count, guard against infection
4
Q
platelets
A
Cell fragments that help in blood clotting
5
Q
albumin
A
Plasma protein that regulates osmosis
6
Q
hemoglobin
A
Iron-containing protein on Red blood count
7
Q
fibrinogen
A
Plasma protein that regulates blood clotting
8
Q
globulins
A
Plasma proteins that help prevent infection
9
Q
what is coagulation and anticoagulant
A
coagulation is the process of blood clots, anticoagulants prevent blood clots formation
10
Q
neutrophil
A
attack; form pus; most common
11
Q
lymphocyte
A
produce antibodies, regulate the immune system
12
Q
monocyte
A
leaves blood and becomes a macrophage; breaks down dead cells and debris
13
Q
eosinaphil
A
destroy parasites, involved in allergic reactions, inhibit inflammation
14
Q
basophil
A
release histamine, promote inflammation; least common
15
Q
pericardium
A
membrane that surrounds the heart
16
Q
atrium
A
upper chamber of heart, receives blood
17
Q
ventricle
A
lower chamber of heart, pumps out blood
18
Q
septum
A
muscular wall that divides the heart in two
19
Q
valves
A
flaps of tissue that prevent backflow of blood
20
Q
SA(sinoatrial) node
A
pacemaker, stimulates atria to contract
21
Q
Av (atrioventricular) node
A
nerve fibers that receive the impulse from the atria and send it to the ventricles
22
Q
Pulmonary circulation
A
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
23
Q
systemic circulation
A
blood flow from body tissue and then from the heart back to body tissues
24
Q
Describe the functions of capillaries
A
the smallest blood vessels, they deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing carbon dioxide and waste products
25
describe the function of arteries, what is the largest artery.
1. transports oxygenated blood, maintains blood pressure, supplies nutrients to blood cells, removes waste products
5. the largest artery Is the aorta
26
describe the function of veins, what is the largest vein in the body
1.veins transport blood toward the heart, carries deoxygenated blood
2. largest vein is the vena cava
27
compare vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessesls
and vasoconstriction is the narrowing
28
what is blood pressure
the force your blood exerts against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps
29
Astrocytes
1.Major support cells of the CNS(Central Nervous System), help repair
2. forms blood brain barrier
30
microglia
Protect the CNS from infection
31
ependymal cells
Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
32
neuron
nerve cell that conducts action potentials
33
dendrite
Short extensions of the cell body that receive info
34
cell body
Part of neuron containing the nucleus and organelles
35
axon
Conduct action potentials AWAY from cell body
36
myeline sheath
Specialized layers wrapped around axons
37
nodes of ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath
38
synapse
Junction when the axon of one neuron interacts with the dendrite of another neuron
39
sensory neurons vs motor neron
1. sensory neurons: incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
2. motor neuron: carry outgoing info from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
40
ascending tracts vs descending
Ascending: bundles of axons sending sensory info "up" to cns
Descending: are bundles of axons sending motor commands"down" to muscles
41
threshold
level of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse
42
neurotansmitter
Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to stimulate an action potential
43
white matter
Bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths
44
gray matter
Groups of neuron cell bodies and dendrites
45
corpus callosum
A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.
46
ventricles
Cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities within the brain
47
gyri
ridges of the brain
48
sulci
Shallow grooves of the brain
49
central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord
50
peripheral nervous system
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
51
somatic nervous system
division of the pns that controls the body's skeletal muscles
52
autonomic nervous system
The part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs.
53
cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body, largest part.
54
cerebellum
Part of the brain responsible for balance and muscle coordination
55
thalamus
1.The brain's sensory switchboard,
2.located on top of the brainstem;
3. it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
56
hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
57
pons
brain structure that relays info from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
58
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.
59
spinal nerves vs cranial nerves
spinal nerves: 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
cranial nerves: 12 pairs of nerves of nerves that carry messages to an from the brain
60
parts of the reflex arc
a receptor, a sensory neuron, an integration center (often the spinal cord), a motor neuron, and an effector
61
prolactin
stimulates milk production in nursing mothers
62
growth hormone
stimulates protein synthesis and growth in cells
63
thyroxine
increases the metabolic activities of cells
64
epinephrine
increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, causes air passageways to open wider
65
calcitonin
stimulates Ca(calcium) absorption in bones
66
estrogen
required for development of eggs and development of female characteristics
67
insulin
stimulates cells to remove glucose from the blood
68
glucagon
stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood
69
testosterone
required for normal sperm production and development of male characteristics
70
prostaglandins
mediates inflammatory response increases uterine contractions and ovulation
71
hypothalamus
Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland
72
pituitary
secretes nine hormones, which directly regulate many bodily functions.
73
thyroid
regulates the body’s metabolism
74
parathyroid
secretes hormones necessary for calcium absorbtion
75
adrenal
help the body prepare for and deal with stress
76
pancreas
regulates the level of glucose in the blood
77
ovaries
secretes estrogen and progesterone, which play a key role in the health of the female reproductive system
78
testes
secretes testosterone, which is vital for physical development, bone density, and libido in mates
79
pharynx
throat passageway for food to the esophagus and into the lungs.
80
larynx
where The vocal cords are located
81
trachea
The main passageway to the lungs is the
82
bronchi
two short branches are located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs
83
bronchioles
airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli
84
alveoli
Gas exchange takes place in the
85
diaghragm
The main muscle that controls breathing as it contracts and relaxes is the
86
pleural membranes
surround lungs and form an air-tight seal
87
inspiration
air pulled into lungs
88
expiration
air pushed out of lungs
89
surfactant
keeps lungs from collapsing
90
tidal volume
volume of air inspired or expired with each breath
91
vital capacity
maximum amount of air a person can expel after maximum inspiration
92
buccinator
whistling and blowing
93
zygomaticus
smiling
94
masseter
chewing
95
extrinsic tongue
moves tongue
96
sternocleidomastoid
rotates head, flexes and extends neck
97
biceps brachii
flexes elbow
98
triceps brachii
extends elbow
99
supinator
supinates forearm/hand
100
flexor Carpi radialis
flexes wrist
101
extensor Carpi radialis
extends wrist
102
rectus abdominis
compresses abdomen
103
vastus lateralis
extends knee
104
biceps femoris
flexes knee
105
extensor digitorum longus
extends toes
106
flexor digitorum longus
flexes toes
107
list the functions of the digestive system
breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste
108
what is the pathway that food takes through the alimentary canal from the mouth to the butt
1.starting with the mouth where food is ingested and mechanical digestion begins
2.then moves to the pharynx, esophagus,stomach,small intestine, large intestine and finally the anus
109
mouth
oral cavity
110
pharynx
throat passageway for food to the esophagus and air into the lungs
111
esophagus
muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
112
stomach
large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food
113
small intestine
absorbs nutrients, water absorbtion, finishes
114
large intestine
(colon) removes water from the indigested material, produces feces
115
rectum
a short tube at the end of the large intestine that stores waste
116
anus
opening of the rectum in which wastes are eliminated
117
liver
produces bile and stores glycogen
118
gallbladder
a muscular sac that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion
119
pancreas
produces digestive enzymes and biocarbinate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct
120
villi
small fingeerlike projections on the walls of the spinal intestine that increases surface area
121
bolus
a soft mass of chewed food
122
chyme
mixture of enzymes and partially digested food in the stomach
123
peristalsis
contractions of smooth muscle
124
bile
A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles
125
pepsin
the enzyme that breaks down protein in the stomach
126
amylase
breaks down the starches
