Anatomy Final test Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is the major role of the respiratory system?
A
Supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
2
Q
What are the 4 processes of respiration?
A
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External ventilation
- Transport of respiratory gases
4.Internal respiration
3
Q
What is pulmonary ventilation?
A
Tidlike movement of air into and out of the lungs that allows the gases to be changed and refreshed- called breathing
4
Q
What is external respiration?
A
The gas exchange between the blood and air-filled chambers of the lungs
5
Q
Define transport of respiratory gases
A
The transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body uses blood as the transport vehicle.
6
Q
What is internal respiration?
A
Exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells
7
Q
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
A
pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium
8
Q
What does the Nasal vestibule contain?
A
contains sebaceous and sweat
glands and numerous hair follicles
9
Q
What are the three pharynxes in the respiratory system?
A
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
10
Q
Where is the nasopharynx
A
posterior to the nasal cavity and lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
11
Q
Where is the Oropharynx
A
Located posterior to the oral cavity, and extends from the soft palate
palate to the epiglottis; lined with stratified squamous epithelium
12
Q
Where is the Laryngopharynx
A
Extends from the epiglottis to the larynx; lined with stratified squamous epithelium
13
Q
What is the Pharyngotympanic Tube
A
Tube that opens into the lateral walls of the nasopharynx and
connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
14
Q
What are the Paranasal Sinuses
A
Surround the nasal cavity and are named for the bones in which they are located. Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
15
Q
What is contained in the lower respiratory structures
A
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
16
Q
What is another term for the larynx?
A
Voice box
17
Q
Describe the right primary bronchi compared to the left
A
wider, shorter, and more vertical than
the left, and foreign objects that enter the respiratory passageways
are more likely to become stuck there
18
Q
What is the trachea lined with?
A
ciliated, mucus-secreting, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
19
Q
What are the two functions of the c like rings around the trachea
A
The incomplete parts allow the esophagus
to expand anteriorly when a large food bolus is swallowed. The
solid portions reinforce the trachea walls to maintain its open
passageway when pressure changes occur during breathing
20
Q
Describe the Larynx
A
Tube connecting the laryngopharynx and the trachea. Nine cartilages
are present. Epithelium superior to the vocal folds is stratified
squamous. Epithelium inferior to the vocal folds is pseudostratified
ciliated columnar.
21
Q
What do the main bronchi divide into?
A
The lobar (secondary) bronchi
22
Q
What does the lobar bronchi divide into?
A
The segmental (tertiary) bronchi, which divide repeatedly into smaller
and smaller bronchi
23
Q
What are the branches, less than 1mm in diameter, called?
A
bronchioles
24
Q
What do the bronchioles divide into (0.5mm)
A
terminal bronchioles
25
What do terminal
bronchioles branch into
two or more respiratory bronchioles
26
What are all the branches called
bronchial tree
27
What is at the end of these branches?
alveolar ducts, which terminate in alveolar sacs that resemble clusters
of grapes
28
What are Alveoli?
tiny balloon-like expansions that each represent a single grape in the alveolar sac are composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium overlying a basal lamina
29
What forms the respiratory membrane?
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes- called blood air barrier
30
What are the alveoli, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles referred to as?
respiratory zone structures
31
What are the rest of the respiratory structures referred to as?
conducting
zone structures or anatomical dead space
32
how is the lung connected to the mediastinum?
by a root
33
How do structures in the root leave the lungs?
hilum
34
Anterior, lateral, and posterior lung surfaces are in close contact with the ribs and this group is called?
costal surface
35
What does the cardiac notch do?
accomadates hearts in the left lung within the medistinum.
36
Fissures divide the lungs into...
Lobes
37
How many lobes in each lung?
2 in the left, 3 in the right
38
What is the double layer sac that the lungs are encompassed in?
pleura
39
What is the outer layer of the sac called?
parietal pleura
40
What is the parietal pleura attached to?
thoracic wall and diaphragm
41
What is the inner layer of the sac called?
visceral pleura
42
How are the two layers separated?
pleural cavity
43
What are the two phases of Pulmonary ventilation
inspiration, during
which air is taken into the lungs, and expiration, during which air passes out of the
lungs.
44
What produces bronchial sounds?
produced by air rushing through the
large respiratory passageways
45
What causes vesicular breathing sounds
results from air filling the alveolar sacs and resembles the sound
of a rustling of leaves
46
What is Inspiratory reserve
volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal
tidal volume inspiration
47
What is Tidal volume
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under
resting conditions
48
What is Expiratory reserve
volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal
tidal volume expiration
49
What is Residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
50
What is the average TV for F and M
F and M: 500 ml
51
What is the average IRV for F and M
M: 3100. F: 1900 m
52
What is the average ERV for F and M
M: 1200 ml. F: 700 ml
53
What is the avergae RV?
M: 1200 ml. F: 1100 ml
54
What does a spirometer do?
an indicator moves as air is
exhaled, and only expired air volumes can be measured directly.
By contrast, recording spirometers allow both inspired and
expired gas volumes to be measured.
55
How do you calculate minute respiratory volume
Minute Volume = Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate
56
What is ERV?
the
volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration. Normally it ranges between 700 and 1200 ml.
57
What can reduce ERV?
chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) such as emphysema
58
How can you compute IRV?
IRV = VC - (TV + ERV)
59
What is BTPS
body temperature, atmospheric pressure,
and water saturation
60
How do you find Inspiratory capacity
IC = TV + IRV
61
What is total lung capacity?
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a
maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
62
What is Vital Capacity?
the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath
63
What is Functional residual capacity?
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal
volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV
64
What is inspiratory Capacity?
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a
normal tidal volume expiration: IC = TV + IRV
65
How do you find percentage of the predicted VC value
you divide the measured VC value by the predicted VC value and multiply by 100
66
a
b
67
What is FVC
forced vital capacity) measures the amount
of gas expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible breath and then exhales forcefully and rapidly
68
How do you compute FEV
FEV1 5 volume expired in second 1
FVC volume 3 100%
69
What stabalizes blood PH
H2
O 1 CO2
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme present in RBC H2
CO3
(carbonic acid)
70
What is a buffer?
a molecule or molecular system that stabilizes
the pH of a solution
71
What does the digestive system do?
provides the body with the nutrients,
water, and electrolytes essential for health. The organs of
this system ingest, digest, and absorb food and eliminate
the undigested remains as feces.
72
What is digestion?
For ingested food
to become available to the body cells, it must first be broken
down into its smaller diffusible molecules
73
What is absorption?
The digested end products can then pass through the
epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood for distribution to
the body cells
74
What are the three groups of the digestive system?
the alimentary canal, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and the accessory digestive organs
75
What does the alimentary canal consist of?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, and small and large intestines
76
What does the accessory structure consist of?
include the teeth, which physically break down foods,
and the salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas, which
secrete their products into the alimentary canal.
77
What is the space between the teeth and cheeks called
e oral
cavity proper
78
What do the tonsils lie between?
palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal
arch
79
Where is the lingual tonsil?
covers the base of the tongue,
posterior to the oral cavity proper
80
What secures
the inferior midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
e lingual frenulum
81
What two mesentries connect the stomach?
greater omentum and lesser omentum
82
Where does the lesser omentum extend from?
the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
83
Where does the greater omentum extend from?
from the greater curvature of the stomach,
reflects downward, and covers most of the abdominal organs
in an apronlike fashion
84
What do gastric glands secrete?
mucosa secrete hydrochloric
acid (HCl) and hydrolytic enzymes
85
What happens after the food is processed in the stomach?
It resembles a creamy mass called
chyme, which enters the small intestine through the pyloric
sphincter.
86
What do chief cells produce?
pepsinogen
87
what do parietal cells produce?
secrete HCl and intrinsic
factor
88
How is the small intestine suspended?
double layer of peritoneum, the fan-shaped mesentery,
from the posterior abdominal wall
89
What are the 4 sections of the small intestine?
1.duodenum
2. jejunum
3.ileum
4. ileocecal valve
90
What enzymes in the small intestine finish digestion?
brush border enzymes, which are hydrolytic enzymes bound to the microvilli of the columnar epithelial
cells
91
how do enzymes get from the pancreas to the small intestine?
main pancreatic
duct.
92
how does bile enter from the liver?
e bile duct
92
What are villi?
Fingerlike projections of the mucosa tunic that give it
a velvety appearance and texture.
93
At the duodenum, the ducts join
to form the bulblike...?
hepatopancreatic ampulla and empty their
products into the duodenal lumen through the major duodenal
papilla, an orifice controlled by a muscular valve called the
hepatopancreatic sphincter
94
What are Microvilli
Microscopic projections of the surface plasma
membrane of the columnar epithelial lining cells of the
mucosa.
95
Where does the large intestine stem from?
the ileocecal valve to the anus
95
What are Circular folds
Deep, permanent folds of the mucosa and
submucosa layers that force chyme to spiral through the
intestine, mixing it and slowing its progress. These structural modifications decrease in frequency and size toward
the end of the small intestine
96
What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and
anal canal.
97
What distinct regions is the colon divided into?
ascending colon
right colic (hepatic)
flexure
transverse colon
left colic (splenic) flexure
descending
colon
sigmoid colon
98
In the large intestine, the longitudinal muscle layer of the
muscularis externa is reduced to three longitudinal muscle
bands called the...
teniae coli
99
Since these bands are shorter than
the rest of the wall of the large intestine, they cause the wall
to pucker into small pocketlike sacs called...
haustra
100
What is the initial set of teeth called?
deciduous (or milk) teeth
101
What are the second set of teeth called
permanent teeth
102
What are the teeth classified into
incisors, canines (eye teeth, cuspids),
premolars (bicuspids), and molars
103
What are the two major regions of the teeth?
the crown and the root
104
what composes the bulk of the tooth
dentin
105
how many teeth do adults have
32 permanent teeth
106
What is tooth pulp
composed of connective tissue liberally supplied with
blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that provide for tooth sensation and supplies nutrients to the tooth tissues
107
What will produce
and maintain the dentin
Odontoblasts
108
What provides a route of entry into the tooth for blood vessels, nerves,
and other structures from the tissues beneath.
apical foramen
109
What are the the three salivary glands
1.Parotid glands
2.Submandibular glands
3.Sublingual glands
110
What is saliva mostly consist of
glycoprotein called mucin in a mass called bolus
111
How is the pancreas suspended in the body
falciform ligament
112
What happens in the pancreas when digestion is not occuring
bile backs up into the cystic duct and enters the gallbladder,
a small, green sac on the inferior surface of the liver. Bile is
stored there until needed for the digestive process
113
What is the renal cortex
The superficial kidney region, which is lighter in
color
114
What is the Renal medulla
Deep to the cortex; a darker, reddish-brown
color. The medulla is segregated into triangular regions that
have a striped appearance—the medullary, or renal pyramids.
115
What is the Renal columns
Areas of tissue that are more like the cortex
in appearance, the columns dip inward between the pyramids,
separating them.
116
What is the Renal pelvis
Extending inward from the hilum; a relatively
flat, basinlike cavity that is continuous with the ureter, which
exits from the hilum region.
117
What delivers most of the blood to the kidneys
renal
arteries
118
As a renal artery approaches the kidney, it breaks
up into branches called...
segmental arteries
119
Each segmental artery, in turn, divides into several ...
interlobar arteries
120
At the
cortex-medulla junction, the interlobar arteries branch into the ...
arcuate arteries
121
Each kidney contains over a million...
nephrons
122
What are the two types of nephrons
1.cortical nephrons
2.juxtamedullary nephrons
123
What are then three processes for urine production?
filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion
124
what is filtration?
a passive process in which
a portion of the blood passes from the glomerular capillary into
the glomerular capsule
125
what is reabsorbtion
filtrate components move through the tubule cells and
return to the blood in the peritubular capillaries
126
what is secretion
essentially the reverse process of tubular reabsorption. Substances such as hydrogen and potassium
ions and creatinine move from the blood of the peritubular
capillaries through the tubular cells into the filtrate to be disposed of in the urine.
127
What arises from the efferent
arteriole draining the glomerulus.
peritubular capillary bed
128
Efferent arterioles
that supply juxtaglomerular nephrons tend not to form peritubular capillaries. Instead they form long, straight, highly interconnected vessels called...
vasa recta
129
Each nephron also has a
juxtaglomerular complex
130
What is micturition
the act of releasing your bladder
131
What is the internal urethral sphincter composed of
smooth muscle
132
What is the external urethral sphincter composed of
f skeletal muscle
132
what is micturition reflex
is a spinal cord reflex. This reflex is initiated when urine accumulates and stretches the bladder, activating stretch receptors
in the bladder wall.
133
What are the essential organs of reporduction
gonads
134
Lack of voluntary control over the external urethral
sphincter is referred to as...
incontinence
135
what are the sex cells called
gametes
136
how many chromosomes in human body
46 - 23 pairs of sex chromosomes for reporduction
137
What is Gametogenesis
the process of gamete formation
138
when does spermatogenesis occur
Puberty
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