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Anatomy General Lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

Injury to spinal nerve vs. peripheral nerve

A 
Spinal nerve --> one dermatome affected
Peripheral nerve (e.g. cut in surgery) --> multiple dermatomes affected if nerve formed from multiple spinal nerves merging in plexus
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2
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit?

A

BELOW the vertebra it’s named for, EXCEPT cervical region

Through intervertebral foramen

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3
Q

Heart coverings - superficial to deep

A 
Fibrous layer
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Myocardium (muscle)
Endocardium
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4
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Parietal + visceral pericardium

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5
Q

Path of coronary circulation

A

Aorta –> right & left coronary arteries –> coronary veins –> coronary sinus –> right atrium

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6
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

In arterioles, control blood flow to tissues

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7
Q

Venous Return - 3 factorsq

A
  1. Valves prevent backflow
  2. Arterio-venous coupling: 2 veins on either side of artery, flow helped by artery pulsing
  3. Muscle pump- contracted skeletal muscle
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8
Q

Collateral circulation

A

Created by anastamoses - circulation in an area where a number of pathways reach the same tissue
Joints/brain

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9
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A

31

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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10
Q

Spinal cord- dorsal v ventral

A

Dorsal - afferent sensory (up the back)
Ventral - efferent motor (out the front)
Dorsal ramus only supplies back, ventral ramus forms plexus

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11
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Compression of spinal nerve roots –> referred pain

type of disk herniation

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12
Q

Myelopathy

A

Compression of spinal cord (type of herniated disk)

Bilateral symptoms

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13
Q

Borders of Femoral Triangle

A 
Sup: Inguinal ligament (ASIS --> pubis)
Lat: Sartorius
Med: Adductor longus
Floor: Iliopsoas & Pectineus
Roof: Fascia lata
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14
Q

Contents of Femoral Triangle

A

NAVEL (Femoral nerve, artery, vein, empty space in canal, lymph nodes)
Saphenous nerve
Profunda femoris & branches

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15
Q

Borders of Adductor Canal

A

Sup-Inf: apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus
Roof: Sartorius
Med-lat: Add longus/magnus on medial side, vastus medius on lateral side

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16
Q

Contents of adductor canal

A

Femoral artery & vein, saphenous nerve, nerve to vastus medius

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17
Q

Functional Joint Categories (3)

A

Diarthroses
Amphiarthrosis
Synarthroses (no mvt)

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18
Q

Joint mobility depends on

A
  1. Congruency/bony fit

2. Binding tissues (loose or tight)

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19
Q

Structural Joint Categories (3)

A
  1. Fibrous (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)
  2. Cartilaginous (synchondroses, symphysis)
  3. Synovial (diarthroses)
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20
Q

Suture

A 
Fibrous joint (dense fibrous connective tissue)
Skull, no mvt
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21
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Fibrous joint
Interosseous membranes- joining adjacent bones
- May allow a lot (forearm) or very little (tibia/fibula) movement

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22
Q

Gomphosis

A

Fibrous joint

Bind teeth to mandible & maxilla

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23
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Joints

A

In adult, only 2:

  1. 1st sternocostal joint (between the 1st rib & sternum)
  2. Costochondral joints (ribs/costal cartilages)
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24
Q

Fibrocartilage Joints (2)

A
  1. Intervertebral disks
  2. Pubic symphysis
    Some movement
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25
Articular cartilage
Made of hyaline cartilage 1. Decrease friction 2. Reduce stress (absorb some/deform)
26
Synovial fluid
1. Reduces friction | 2. Nourishes articular cartilage & joint structures (b/c poor blood supply)
27
Crepitis
Sound of cartilage or bone rubbing - Articular cartilage or bone spurs - If no pain, it's fine
28
Dislocation types
Luxation - total incongruence | Subluxation - joint slid partially out, can often be popped back in
29
Sprain v Strain
Sprain - tear ligaments/joint capsule | Strain - tear muscle/tendon
30
Plane joint
2 flat surfaces gliding | Ex: Intercarpal & intertarsal joints, vertebrae
31
Pivot Joint
Uniaxial Bone/ligament completely surrounding other bone Ex: proximal radioulnar joint, atlas & axis (C1 rotates about dens of C2)
32
Hinge joint
Uniaxial Piece of bone wraps around cylinder shape Ex: elbow, talocrural joint
33
Condyloid/Ellipsoid Joint
Biaxial, 2 plane mvt Egg shape convex surface Ex: Knee (bicondylar), metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)
34
Saddle Joint
2 concave surfaces Biaxial, 2 plane mvt Ex: carpometacarpal thumb joint
35
Ball & Socket Joint
Triplanar mvt, spheroidal joint | Ex: shoulder, hip (glenohumeral, femoroacetabular)
36
Canaliculi
Canals left in bone matrix when osteoblast processes shrink into osteocytes Nutrients diffuse through them
37
Lacuna
Space for osteocyte cell to live, left when osteoblast shrinks in mature bone
38
Osteon
Functional unit of bone | Matrix & osteocytes arranged around a central capillary in Haversian canal
39
Volkmann canal
Transverse canal connecting central Haversian canals in bone | Run from medullary cavity or periosteum, supply blood to central capillaries
40
Areolar tissue
Loose fibrous CT | Disorganized, forms lamina propria under epithelium, surrounds capillaries & organs
41
Adipose tissue
Loose fibrous CT | Very little intercellular space, adipose cells
42
Reticular tissue
Loose fibrous CT Looks similar to areolar but with reticular fibers (made of collagen fibrils) In bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes
43
Dense Regular CT
Dense fibrous Ordered arrangement of collagen, resists tension in 1/few directions - tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
44
Dense Irregular CT
Dense fibrous Collagen fibers less ordered Fibrous joint capsules, dermis of skin, periosteum
45
Elastic CT
Dense fibrous Primarily elastic fibers Walls of arteries, trachea, ligmentum nuchae (extension of supraspinous ligament)q
46
Hyaline Cartilage
40% collagen, 60% gel | articular cartilage, synchondroses, embryonic precursor to bone
47
Fibrocartilage
70% collagen, 10% elastin, 20% gel | Fibrocartilage pads & symphyses/syndesmoses
48
Elastic cartilage
Mostly elastin | Epiglottis & outer ears
49
Connective Tissue - 4 types
- Fibrous (areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic) - Cartilage (hyaline, fibrous, elastic) - Bone - Blood
50
Mesenchyme
Embryonic origin of connective tissue
51
Skeletal System - 5 functions
1. Structure/support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Calcium storehouse 5. Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
52
Blood supply to bone
1. Periosteal vessels (small, abundant, on outsides) 2. Nutrient Arteries (through nutrient foramen to medullary cavity) 3. Epiphyseal Vessels (many holes pierce epiphyses)
53
Bone matrix composition
1. Collagen - 25-30% 2. Gel Substance - 5% (GAG- Glycosaminoglycan) 3. Calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite) - 65-70%
54
Affect on bone if diet poor in 1. Protein 2. Vitamin C 3. Calcium 4. Vitamin D
1. collagen down --> brittle 2. collagen down --> brittle, scurvy 3. Ca down --> compliant 4. Ca down --> compliant
55
Osteomalatia vs. Rickett's
Deficiency in vitamin D/calcium, bowlegged Adults - osteomalatia Children - Rickett's
56
Bone Composition - Children
Less % mineral --> more compliant, greenstick fractures/partial breaks More osteoblast activity --> bones heal faster
57
Parathyroid effect on bone density
blood Ca2+ falls --> increase parathormone --> osteoclast activity up Negative feedback shuts off parathormone
58
Estrogen effect on bone density
Inhibits osteoclasts | Sharp decline in bone mass in females > 50
59
Mesotendineum
Blood vessels feeding tendon (in tendon sheath)
60
Osteotendinous Junction - 4 layers
Collagen Fibrocartilage Mineralized Fibrocartilage Bone (Sharpey's collagen fibers project into bone)
61
Dermatome
Cutaneous region innervated by one spinal nerve
62
Lymphatic System Functions (3)
- Immune defense - Cardiovascular homeostasis (maintain blood volume, prevent edema) - Fat reabsorption from gut
63
Lymph vessels (small to large)
1. Initial lymph vessel (anchoring filaments, inlet valves, for reabsorption) 2. Precollectors (absorption, some smooth muscle for transport) 3. Collecting vessels (smooth muscle --> transport) 4. Trunks 5. Right Lymphatic & Thoracic Ducts
64
Path of lymph
Right upper quadrant --> Right lymphatic duct Everything else --> thoracic duct venous angle (internal jugular & subclavian veins) --> heart
65
Lymph similarities to veins
- Valves prevent backflow - Pressure gradient system - Superficial & deep systems (lymph shunts deep --> superficial, veins shunt superficial to deep)
66
Lymph similarities to arteries
Lymph angions - Has smooth muscle to contract

Anatomy (7 decks)

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