Anatomy, Hoof Problems, Conformation, Emergency Care, Vaccinations, Parasites

Question 1

general character or the ___ determined by age and breed.
Skin is thin and firmly bound

Answer 1

Head

Question 2

many tactile hairs (whiskers) scattered on the lips and chin and around the nostrils.
nostrils are large and widely spaced; supported by cartilage
velvety hair on ____.

Answer 2

Muzzle

Question 3

upper part of ___ opening leads to a blind pouch (no other domestic species has this).
margins are very flexible and allow the opening to be dilated both actively when breathing and manually.
Horses are obligated to breathe through their noses (cannot breathe through their mouth).

Answer 3

Nostrils

Question 4

entrance is small,
lips are covered by fine hairs giving a velvety texture.
very sensitive.
used in the selection and grasping food.

Answer 4

Mouth

Question 5

prominent.
capable of being swiveled when attempting to locate sound.
express their emotions through their ___ carriage.

Answer 5

Ears

Question 6

prominent and placed to each side of the head.
panoramic field of vision.
length of muzzle creates a blind area directly in front.
generally are dark brown in color

Answer 6

Eyes

Question 7

“brown bodies” located at the top of the pupil (black hole in the middle of the eyeball)
normal in the horse eye
reduces glare and improves vision in bright light

Answer 7

corpora nigra

Question 8

long, conforming to the shape of the mouth..
made up of 12+ muscles.
contains many nerves, very sensitive
upper surface has delicate “bumps” (papillae) that make it velvet-like in texture, sensory and motor function, help to guide food in position

Answer 8

tongue

Question 9

fairly flat, highly mobile, works with teeth and lips to select and pick feedstuff = ___ portion of tongue

Answer 9

front

Question 10

big lump, large muscle that pushes feedstuff to the back of the mouth, aids in swallowing = ___ portion of tongue

Answer 10

back

Question 11

suited for herbivore diet.
grow continually throughout the horse’s life.
have two sets of ___ in lifetime: Deciduous (baby) and Permanent (adult)

Answer 11

teeth

Question 12

out-pouching of the eustachian tube (connects ear to the back of the throat).
one of each side.
each can hold about 1/2 liter.
branches of very important nerve and artery run through these.

Answer 12

guttoral pouch

Question 13

what is the purpose of the guttoral pouch

Answer 13

helps to cool the blood before it goes to the brain

Question 14

What causes Guttoral Pouch Tympany (air trapped in GP) and which sex and age of horses does it affect?

Answer 14

causes: congenital defect, local tissue swelling from a previous respiratory infection, unknown
age: within 1st year of age
sex: fillies more than colts

Question 15

elastic structure that gives the horse’s neck both mobility and strength
allows the horse to lift its head very quickly when grazing

Answer 15

nuchal ligament

Question 16

different regions of the spine

Answer 16

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (caudal tail vertebrae)

Question 17

what is the equine vertebral formula?

Answer 17

cervical = 7
thoracic = 18
lumbar = 6
sacral = 5
coccygeal = 15-21

Question 18

The ___ cavity of the horse contains 18 pairs of ribs.

Answer 18

thoracic

Question 19

organs of the digestive system occupy the greater part of this space

Answer 19

abdominal cavity

Question 20

___ carry the greatest amount of weight and are the principal shock absorbers.
___ provide the main power for movement

Answer 20

forelimbs, hindlimbs

Question 21

True/False: There are no muscles in the horse’s leg below the carpus or tarsus.

Answer 21

true

Question 22

___ bones are located on the inside and outside of the cannon bones

Answer 22

splint

Question 23

the flexor tendons and the suspensory ligaments, along with other ligamentous structures, make up the ___

Answer 23

suspensory apparatus

Question 24

anatomical structures that allow the horse to stand at rest for long times with virtually no muscular effort

Answer 24

stay apparatus

Question 25

structure that holds coffin bone and hoof wall together

Answer 25

lamina

Question 26

junction between the sole and the wall

Answer 26

white line

Question 27

pressure from the ___ into the digital cushion is the major means of returning blood from the bottom of the limbs into the body.

Answer 27

frog

Question 28

degree to which the hind leg reaches forward under the body

Answer 28

reach

Question 29

what is the #1 problem with the horse's feet

Answer 29

lack of farrier syndrome

Question 30

what causes hoof rings

Answer 30

diet changes, high fevers, aggressive shoeing, improper trimming and shoeing

Question 31

what can cause hoof cracks

Answer 31

abnormal foot conformation, trauma to coronet, improper shoeing or trimming

Question 32

indicates how proportional a horse is

Answer 32

balance

Question 33

True/False: To evaluate the balance of the body view from the side. the length of the shoulder = length of back = length of hip

Answer 33

true

Question 34

ideally the top of the neck should be twice as long as the underside of the horse's neck in a ___ ratio

Answer 34

2-to-1

Question 35

the back of the horse should be ___ as long as the underline

Answer 35

1/2

Question 36

___ act as shock absorbers to the horse's movement

Answer 36

pasterns

Question 37

the ideal hip is what shape

Answer 37

square

Question 38

name some signs of distress in horses

Answer 38

decreased appetite lethargic lying down longer than normal single animal off by itself sudden lameness squinting, tearing, or holding the eye closed fever (greater than 102 degrees F) purple or red gum color

Question 39

what is the question you should always ask yourself when you see a horse in distress?

Answer 39

is it safe to approach the horse

Question 40

name some of the things you should have in your first-aid kit

Answer 40

gauze pads roll cotton brown gauze adhesive wrap leg wraps scissors white tape duct tape stethoscope thermometer hoof pick surgical soap eye wash antiseptic. solution latex gloves flashlight w/ spare batteries

Question 41

what is the normal temperature range for a horse in fahrenheit

Answer 41

99.5 to 101.5

Question 42

what is the normal resting heart rate of a horse

Answer 42

28 to 44 BPM

Question 43

what is the normal respiratory rate of a horse

Answer 43

12 to 16 breaths per minute

Question 44

what are things to tell the vet if your horse is in distress

Answer 44

recent changes in feed or routine medical information (such as pregnancy or recent vaccinations, deworming, etc.) heart rate and gut sounds quantity and consistency of manure passed int he last 24 hours

Question 45

describe what blood looks like coming from an artery

Answer 45

cherry red in color pulsating/squirting blood out of the wound carry blood away from the heart

Question 46

describe what blood looks like coming from the vein

Answer 46

dark red in color ooze out of the wound moving slowly and steadily

Question 47

describe what blood looks like coming from the capillaries

Answer 47

blood oozes from the damaged body part typically a skin injury (ex. scrape, minor cut)

Question 48

causes of sudden lameness

Answer 48

hoof abscess fractures laminitis tendon injuries

Question 49

signs of choke

Answer 49

coughing and retching extending the neck large amounts of nasal discharge, containing food and saliva

Question 50

what is the #1 killer of horses in America

Answer 50

colic

Question 51

what is colic

Answer 51

abdominal pain

Question 52

what are the clinical signs of colic

Answer 52

laying down biting at belly rolling laying flat out sweaty stretch out (looks like horse is attempting to urinate)

Question 53

most critical factor in determining the severity of a wound on a horse

Answer 53

location

Question 54

what are the signs of inflammation

Answer 54

heat pain swelling redness decreased function

Question 55

any condition that impairs normal function of the body

Answer 55

disease

Question 56

factors to consider when vaccinating

Answer 56

age occupation housing geographical location

Question 57

core vaccinations include:

Answer 57

sleeping sickness (western/eastern) tetanus west nile rabies

Question 58

common non-core vaccinations include:

Answer 58

influenza rhinopneumonitis strangles potomac horse fever

Question 59

how are almost all vaccinations for horses given

Answer 59

IM - intramuscular

Question 60

what are the mild reactions to vaccinations and when do they typically resolve

Answer 60

slightly depressed low grade fever poor appetite soreness/stiffness at the injection site hives 24-48 hours after vaccination

Question 61

what are the serious reactions to vaccinations

Answer 61

swelling to the face difficulty breathing downer horse

Question 62

what can internal parasites do to horses

Answer 62

lower the horse's resistance to infection rob him of valuable nutrients cause permanent damage to internal organs

Question 63

what is strategic deworming

Answer 63

focus on the 25% of the horses that are causing 75% of the parasite problem not trying to eliminate parasites from all horses

Question 64

goals of parasite control

Answer 64

reduce transmission maintain worm burdens below harmful levels manage those horses that maintain chronically high parasite levels

Question 65

signs of parasites in horses

Answer 65

dull, rough hair coat decreased stamina, lethargy, or depression unthrifty or loss of body condition slowed growth in young horses pot belly (esp. in young horses) colic diarrhea

Question 66

the most common and troublesome parasites are

Answer 66

pinworms ascarids (roundworms) small strongyles tapeworms think of the word PAST

Question 67

what is the purpose of a fecal egg count

Answer 67

identify which individual horses are shedding more parasite eggs and should be dewormed more frequently

Question 68

what is the #1 goal to manage internal parasites

Answer 68

reduce shedding of eggs on pastures where they can contaminate many horses (via feces)