Anatomy II Lecture Exam I Flashcards by Charles L

Hip Bone

• Hip bone is also called os coxae & the ridiculous innominate

bone (the latter means “unnamed”)

• There are 3 parts of the Coxal bone (the ilium, ischium and

pubis) that fuse at the acetabulum.

• Conjunction of ischium and pubis forms the Obturator Foramen

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Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone 1: Ilium
➢ Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
➢ Anetrior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
➢ Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
➢ Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
➢ Iliac Crest
➢ Iliac Fossa
➢ Greater Sciatic Notch
➢ Superior and Inferior Gluteal Lines

Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ischium
➢ Ischial Spine
➢ Ischial Tuiberosity
➢ Ischial Ramus
➢ Lesser Sciatic Notch
Important Land marks on the Coxal bone: Pubis
➢ Superior Pubic Ramus
➢ Inferior Pubic Ramus
➢ Pubic Tubercle
➢ Pubic Crest
➢ Pectineal Line

Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ilium
➢ Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
➢ Anetrior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
➢ Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
➢ Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
➢ Iliac Crest
➢ Iliac Fossa
➢ Greater Sciatic Notch
➢ Superior and Inferior Gluteal Lines

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pelvis

• The pelvis is the bony
ring made up by the
two os coxae and the
sacrum.
• Within this ring are
three articulations: the
2 sacroiliac joints and
the pubic symphysis.

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sacroiliac joint 1

SACROILIAC JOINT
• Auricular surfaces of
ilium & sacrum form
synovial part of the SI
joint

• The sacroiliac joint is actually 2 types of joints. A
synovial joint inferiorly and a syndesmosis
posteriosuperiorly.
Syndesmosis is in superior .. portion of the joint! Interroseis

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sacrioiliac joint 2

SACROILIAC JOINT
• Auricular surfaces of
ilium & sacrum form
synovial part of the SI
joint

• The sacroiliac joint is actually 2 types of joints. A
synovial joint inferiorly and a syndesmosis
posteriosuperiorly.
Syndesmosis is in superior .. portion of the joint! Interroseis

=–

It is not uncommon for the sacroiliac joint to
undergo stenosis (ossify) with age.

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sacroiliac ligaments

iliolumbar

Sacroiliac ligaments
Ventral & dorsal sacroiliac
• Thickened regions of the sacroiliac joint capsule
Iliolumbar
• From iliac crest to TVP of L5
• limit rotation & anterior gliding of L5 in relation to the sacrum
• Limits side-bending of L5 in relation to pelvis

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sacroiliac ligaments

interosseus sacroiliac

sacrotuberous

sacrospinous

stability of sacrum

Sacroiliac ligaments
Interosseus sacroiliac: Between iliac tuberosity & sacrum
• This forms a syndesmosis
Sacrotuberous: sacrum to ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous: sacrum to ischial spine
• Form greater & lesser sciatic foramina

Stability of sacrum
Downward compression of the sacrum, due to
the weight of the upper body
causes interosseus ligaments to pull
ilium bones together to tighten joint
Anterior sacral rotation limited by ligaments
• Sacrotuberous
• Sacrospinous
• Interosseus sacroiliac

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Nutation of sacroiliac joint

Nutation of sacroiliac joint
• Nutation is rotation or
tilting of sacrum around
axis through interosseus
ligaments (horizontal axis)
• Anterior nutation:
promontory moves inferior
and anterior, coccyx
superior and posterior
• Posterior nutation is the
opposite; AKA counter
nutation
• Nutation brings the iliac
crests closer together and
the ischial tuberosities
further apart, increasing
the size of the pelvic outlet.

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Femur

Femur
• Head
• Neck – separated from the shaft
anteriorly by the intertrochanteric
line
• Greater Trochanter - lateral
• Lesser Trochanter - medial
• Linea aspera – ridge on
posterior aspect of shaft
• Gluteal tuberosity
• Med & lat condyles and
epicondyles
• Adductor tubercle – small
prominence at superior

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Hip Joint
& ligaments

Hip Joint
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial
joint between the head of the femur and
the acetabulum of the coxal bone.
Head of femur & acetabulum are
connected by ligaments.
• Transverse acetabular lig & acetabular
labrum (C-shaped cartilage lining)
– enlarge articular surface
• Ligamentum teres of head of femur
– from head to transverse acetabular lig.

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Hip Joint Capsule

iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments

Hip Joint Capsule
There are 3 ligaments that make up the
main stabilizers of the hip joint.
• Iliofemoral - limits hyperextension of
femur
• Ischiofemoral – reinforces hip capsule
posteriorly
• Pubofemoral – reinforces hip capsule
inferiorly
All 3 ligaments wind around the hip joint
so that they tighten in extension.
The pubofemoral ligament also helps
limit abduction. Flexion of the hip
joint is limited primarily by the
hamstring muscles

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Hip Joint vasculature

Hip Joint Vasculature
• Femoral neck derives blood from medial and lateral circumflex
femoral arteries. The femoral head receives blood from the
medial and lateral epiphyseal arteries. The medial epiphyseal
artery is also called the artery of the ligamentum teres and not
everyone has one. The lateral epiphyseal artery arises from the
medial femoral circumflex artery and is easily disrupted by
francture, dislocation, etc. This can lead to avascular necrosis of
femoral head.

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psoas major

psoas minor

iliacus

PSOAS MAJOR
O: bodies, TVP’s of T12-L5
I: lesser trochanter of femur
N: L1-4 - “lumbar plexus”
A: lat flex vertebral column
flex femur at hip
PSOAS MINOR
O: bodies of T12-L1
I: pectineal line of the pubis
N: L1
A: weak flexor of the lumbar
spine
ILIACUS
O: iliac fossa
I: lesser trochanter
N: femoral n.
A: flex femur

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gluteus maximus

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
O: iliac crest & sacrum/coccyx
I: gluteal tuberosity & iliotibial tract
N: inferior gluteal n.(L5, S1,2)
A: extend, lat rotate femur
Bursae are located between gluteus
max and ischial tuberosity & greater
trochanter
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
O: dorsal ilium
I: greater trochanter
N: superior gluteal n.(L5,S1)
A: abduct, med rotate femur;
during gait, supports body
on one leg while other leg
swings forward
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
O: dorsal ilium
I: greater trochanter
N: superior gluteal n.(L5,S1)
A: abduct, med rotate femur;
assists gluteus medius in
supporting the body during
gait

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Tensor Fascia Lata

TENSOR FASCIA LATA
O: ASIS, Anterior Iliac Crest
I: Iliotibial tract–> lat condyle of tibia
N: superior gluteal n. (L4,5)
A: abduct, medially rotate, flex femur;
keep knee extended
Glut max and TFL both insert into iliotibial tract and maintain extended knee

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Lateral Rotators

Obturator internus

superior & inferior gemelli

Quadratus femoris

obturator externus

Lateral Rotators

OBTURATOR INTERNUS
O: obturator membrane
I: greater trochanter (90degrees
around lesser sciatic notch)
N: nerve to obturator internus (L5,
S1)
A: lat rotate femur
SUPERIOR & INFERIOR GEMELLI
O: ischium
I: greater trochanter
N: nerves to obturator internus &
quad fem (L5,S1)
A: lateral rotate femur
QUADRATUS FEMORIS
O: ischial tuberosity
I: quadrate tubercle
N: nerve to quadratus femoris (L5,
S1)
A: lateral rotate femur

OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
O: obturator membrane (outer)
I: greater trochanter
N: obturator n. (L3,4)
A: lateral rotate femur

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Another lateral rotator

OBTURATOR EXTERNUS

OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
O: obturator membrane (outer)
I: greater trochanter
N: obturator n. (L3,4)
A: lateral rotate femur

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Another lateral rotator

piriformis

PIRIFORMIS
O: ant sacrum
I: greater trochanter
N: S 1,2
A: abduct, lat rotate
femur

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Actions of Iliopsoas and Gluteal Muscles on the Femur

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Lumbar plexus

Lumbar plexus: ventral rami of L1-4

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Sacral plexus

Sacral plexus: Ventral
rami from
L4,5 & S1,2,3
Sciatic nerve (L4,5 S1,2,3)
• Tibial nerve
• Common Fibular (Peroneal)
nerve
Superior gluteal nerve (L4,5 S1)
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5 S1,2)
Pudendal (S2,3,4)
• Anal & Urethral sphincters, External
genitalia
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1,
2,3)
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4,5 S1)
Nerve to obturator internus (L5 S1,2)

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sciatic nerve

Sciatic nerve
• L4,5 S1,2,3 rami exit greater sciatic
foramen with piriformis
• Enters thigh between hamstrings &
adductor magnus
• Divides into common fibular & tibial
branches
• Muscles:
– hamstrings
– 1/2 adductor magnus
– muscles of leg/foot

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Common fibular portion of sciatic nerve…

Common fibular portion exits below, above or through
piriformis muscle

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superior gluteal nerve inferior gluteal nerve

Superior gluteal nerve • Gluteus medius, minimus & TFL • Exits superior to piriformis Inferior gluteal nerve • Gluteus maximus • Exits inferior to piriformis

Thigh - Anterior Group Sartorius Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

THIGH – ANTERIOR GROUP SARTORIUS O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine I: medial surface upper tibia (pes anserine) N: femoral n. (L2,3) A: flex thigh(hip), lat rotate femur; flex leg(knee) QUADRICEPS FEMORIS O: rectus femoris: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine vastus lateralis: linea aspera vastus medialis: linea aspera vastus intermedius: upper ant femur I: tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon N: femoral n. (L2,3,4) A: extend leg(knee); flex femur (rectus femoris)

Medial or Adductor Group of Muscles pectineus adductor longus and adductor brevis gracilis adductor magnus

Medial or Adductor Group of Muscles ## Footnote PECTINEUS O: pubis I: linea aspera N: femoral n. A: adduct, flex femur ADDUCTOR LONGUS & ADDUCTOR BREVIS O: pubis I: linea aspera N: obturator n. A: adduct, flex femur GRACILIS O: pubis I: medial upper tibia (pes anserine) N: obturator n. A: adduct femur; flex leg ADDUCTOR MAGNUS anterior view * • * • O: pubis, ischium I: linea aspera, adductor tubercle (adductor canal for femoral artery and vein) N: obturator & sciatic nn. A: adduct femur (adductor) extend femur (hamstring)

ADDUCTOR MAGNUS anterior view * • * • O: pubis, ischium I: linea aspera, adductor tubercle (adductor canal for femoral artery and vein) N: obturator & sciatic nn. A: adduct femur (adductor) extend femur (hamstring)

Posterior or Hamstring Group Semitendinosus Semimembranosus biceps femoris

posterior or hamstring group SEMITENDINOSUS O: ischial tuberosity I: upper medial tibia (pes anserine) N: tibial portion of sciatic n. A: extend femur(hip); flex & med rotate leg(knee) SEMIMEMBRANOSUS O: ischial tuberosity I: medial condyle of tibia N: tibial portion of sciatic n. A: extend femur(hip); flex & med rotate leg(knee) BICEPS FEMORIS O: long head: ischial tuberosity short head: linea aspera I: head of fibula N: LH: tibial portion of sciatic n. SH: common fibular portion of sciatic n. A: LH: extend femur(hip); flex & lat rotate leg(knee) SH: flex & lat rotate leg(knee)

Actions of Thigh Muscles on Hip and Knee Joints

Actions of thigh muscles on hip and knee joints

Movements of Knee

Movements of the Knee ## Footnote * Flexion/Extension * Sidebending-Varus and Valgus movements If we look at two anatomical segments (such as the thigh and lower leg), varus alignment describes a relationship in which the distal segment deviates medially compared to the proximal segment. In a valgus alignment, the distal segment deviates laterally • Rotation-Internal and external

Pes Anserinus

Pes Answerinus - goose's foot ## Footnote Pes Anserinus (goose's foot) Common insertion of sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus. Medial tibia, deep fascia of the leg (fascia cruris). Help stabilize knee posture during partial flexion of the knee. Long and extensible muscles are sensitive to stretch and may provide important proprioceptive input to the CNS for regulating coordinated actions of leg muscles. Pes anserine bursitis is a common source of knee pain, usually seen in young, physically active individuals and older adults with osteoarthritis.

Knee bones

Knee bones ## Footnote Femur Medial & Lateral condyles Tibia Medial & lateral condylar articular surfaces = tibial plateaus for femoral condyles Intercondylar eminence Fibula • Head • Not part of knee joint Patella (“sesamoid” bone within quadriceps tendon)

The Knee Joint

The Knee Joint ## Footnote The knee is a pivot-hinge joint (AKA moblie trocho-ginglymus) formed by 2 articulations: one between the femur and the tibia and the other between the patella and femur. It is a synovial joint and covered by a fibrous articular capsule. Important connective tissue structures of the knee include 2 cruciate ligaments, 2 collateral ligaments and 2 menisci

Anterior Knee Ligaments ACL & PCL

Anterior Knee Ligaments ## Footnote Anterior cruciate ligament Anterior tibia to inner surface of lateral femoral condyle Limit hyperextension of knee & posterior displacement of femur on tibia Posterior cruciate ligament Posterior tibia to inner surface of medial femoral condyle Prevent anterior displacement of femur

External Knee ligaments Patellar ligament/tendon fibular (lateral) Tibial (medial) Collateral ligaments

External knee ligaments ## Footnote Patellar lig/tendon: Continuation of quadriceps tendon. Continues anteriorly from patella to insert on tibial tuberosity. Fibular (lateral) collateral lig: lat epicondyle of femur to head of fibula Tibial (medial) collateral lig: Runs from the medial femoral condyle to the medial tibia, below the tibial condyle. Attached to medial meniscus & articular capsule Collateral ligaments limit med (int) and lat (ext) rotation of the knee. Also resist valgus and varus stresses.

medial and lateral menisci

medial and lateral menisci ## Footnote C-shaped cartilages are modified articular discs Attached to intercondylar area of tibia Medial meniscus attached to tibial collateral ligament; often injured together (Terrible Triad - ACL, MCL and MM) Lateral meniscus not attached to fibular collateral ligament

The Terrible Triad

The Terrible Triad ## Footnote ACL MCL MM Lateral force to knee w/ foot fixed in ext rot

Oblique popliteal ligament

Oblique popliteal ligament ## Footnote Extension of the tendon of the semimembranosus Strengthens posterior articular capsule Forms the floor of the Popliteal Fossa (Right side of picture)

Knee bursas

Knee bursas ## Footnote Suprapatellar: between femur & quadriceps tendon Prepatellar: "housemaids's knee“ Infrapatellar: "clergyman's knee” A Baker’s cyst is a swelling of the semimembranous bursa

Locking of the Knee

Locking of the Knee ## Footnote In full extension, the knee is locked by rotating the femur medially on the tibia. This medial rotation is due to the lateral femoral condyle moving posteriorly in the lateral tibial condyle. Locking the knee prevents flexion. To unlock the knee, the femur is laterally rotated on the tibia by the popliteus muscle, enabling normal flexion. Both the medial and lateral meniscus are compressed and vulnerable to injury when the knee is locked.

Motions of foot dorsiflexion plantar flexion inversion eversion

Motions of foot dorsiflexion (up) plantar flexion(down) inversion (inward) eversion (outward)

inferior tibiofibular joint ankle joint deltoid ligament anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments talo-calcaneo-navicular joint

Inferior tibiofibular joint * Fibrous - Syndesmosis * Inverted U-shaped joint over talus * Held together by the anterior tibiofibular ligament, posterior tibiofibular ligament and the interosseus membrane Ankle joint • Hinge type synovial joint between tibia, fibula & talus * Fibula does not bear weight * Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion of foot -- Ligaments of the Ankle Joint Deltoid ligament * Medial ankle * Extends from medial malleolus to navicular, calcaneus and talus • Resists Eversion of Foot Ant & Post Talofibular & Calcaneofibular ligaments * Lateral ankle * Resists Inversion of Foot Inversion sprain is much more common than eversion. Because the lateral malleolus is more inferior than the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament is stronger than the lateral ligaments, it is easier to resist eversion of the ankle. -- Talo-Calcaneo-Navicular joint • Head of talus inserted between navicular & calcaneus • Spring ligament spans between calcaneus (sustentaculum tali of calcaneus) & navicular; – prevents talus from wedging bones apart Talo-calcaneal (subtalar) joint • talus rests on calcaneus -- Inversion & Eversion • Rotational movement around oblique axis through the Talo- Calcaneo-Navicular & Talo-Calcaneal (Subtalar) joints

Calcaneo-cuboid joint

Calcaneo-Cuboid joint • Long Plantar ligament – Calcaneus to through 5 – Forms tunnel for tendon • Short Plantar ligament – Calcaneus to metatarsals 2 Fibularis longus cuboid Metatarsal-Phalangeal (MTP) joint • Deep Transverse ligs – Link MTP jts of all 5 digits

Anterior Group Tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus fibularis tertius

ANTERIOR GROUP TIBIALIS ANTERIOR O: upper 2/3 tibia; Interosseus membrane I: 1st MT, medial cuneiform N: deep fibular (peroneal) A: dorsiflex, invert foot EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS O: fibula, interosseus membrane I: distal phalanx hallux N: deep fibular (peroneal) A: extend hallux & dorsiflex foot EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS O: upper 3/4 fibula, interosseus membrane I: middle & distal phalanges N: deep fibular (peroneal) A: ext lateral 4 toes & dorsiflex foot FIBULARIS TERTIUS O: lower 1/3 fibula I: 5th MT N: deep fibular (peroneal) A: dorsiflex & evert foot

Lateral Group Fibularis Longus Fibularis Brevis

LATERAL GROUP FIBULARIS LONGUS O: upper 2/3 fibula I: 1st MT; medial cuneiform FIBULARIS BREVIS O: lower 1/3 fibula I: 5th MT N: superficial fibular A: evert & plantar flex foot

Posterior Group Gastrocnemius soleus plantaris

POSTERIOR GROUP GASTROCNEMIUS O: femoral condyles I: calcaneus N: tibial n. A: plantar flex foot (fast) flex knee SOLEUS O: upper fibula & tibia I: calcaneus N: tibial n. A: plantar flex foot (slow) maintain standing PLANTARIS O: lateral supracondylar ridge I: calcaneus N: tibial n. A: plantar flex foot

Standing posture is maintained by contraction of...

• Line of gravity lies anterior to rotational axes of knee and ankle. * Body wants to fall forward. * Standing posture maintained by contraction of – Soleus: pulls leg posteriorly. – Erector spinae

Deep posterior group flexor digitorum longus flexor hallucis longus tibialis posterior

FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS O: tibia I: distal phalanges N: tibial A: flex toes & plantar flex foot FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS O: fibula I: distal phalanx hallux N: tibial A: flex hallux & plantar flex foot TIBIALIS POSTERIOR O: tibia, fibula, IO membrane I: navicular, calcaneus, cuboid, all cuneiforms, metatarsals 2-4 N: tibial A: invert, plantar flex foot

Order to tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus

• Tendons of flexor hallucis and digitorum longus cross as they enter sole of foot • Tibialis posterior has large inserting tendon onto tarsal bones • Tom, Dick and Harry is the mnemonic device to remember the oder of the three tendons of the deep posterior muscles of the leg, posterior to the medial malleolus (Tibialis Posterior, Flexor digitorum longus and Flexor hallucis longus)

Action of Leg Muscles on the Ankle and Foot

Common fibular nerve superficial fibular nerve deep fibular nerve injury of common fibular nerve

Common Fibular nerve • Passes around head of fibula • Through fibularis longus Superficial Fibular nerve • Lateral compartment – fibularis longus & Deep Fibular nerve • Anterior compartment – Tibialis anterior – Ext digitorum & – Fibularis tertius Common fibular nerve commonly injured • Foot drop: loss of dorsiflexion & eversion brevis hallucis longus and brevis

Tibial nerve

Tibial nerve ## Footnote Tibial nerve • Passes between deep & superficial posterior muscles • Posterior compartment – Gastrocnemius, soleus – Flexors digitorum & hallucis – Tibialis posterior longus

Reflexes of the Lower Limb patellar reflex tests... achilles reflex tests....

Patellar relfex tests L4 nerve root Achilles reflex tests S1 nerve root reflex

Retinacula cover the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Synovial sheaths surround.... Muscle action depends on position w/ respect to malleolus...

Retinacula cover the extensor and fibular tendons Synovial sheaths surround tendons Muscle action depends on position with respect to malleolus • Anterior muscles dorsiflex: – Tibialis anterior, – Extensor digitorum – Fibularis tertius • Posterior muscles plantar flex – Tibialis posterior – Flexor digitorum & – Fibularis longus & & hallucis longus hallucis longus brevis

plantar fascia / aponeurosis

Plantar fascia / aponeurosis * Continuation of Achilles tendon * Extends from antero-medial calcaneus to heads of metacarpals; continuous with fibrous digital sheaths • Plantar fasciitis – Inflammatory condition usually localized at – Calcaneal spurs (with bursa) can develop calcaneal attachment (but other areas too)

Extensor digitorum brevis and hallucis brevis

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS & HALLUCIS BREVIS O: dorsal surface of calcaneus I: proximal phalanges N: deep fibular nerve A: extend toes Extensor hallucis brevis O: dorsal surface of calcaneus I: base of proximal phalanx of big toe N: deep fibular nerve A: extend big toe

Three superficial muscles adductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi

THREE SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS O: calcaneus I: prox phalanx hallux N: med plantar n. A: flex, abduct big toe FLEXOR DIGIT. BREVIS O: calcaneus I: mid phalanx of 4 toes N: med plantar n A: flex lat 4 toes ABDUCTOR DIGITI MIN. O: calcaneus I: prox phalanx of 5th toe N: lat plantar n. A: flex, abduct 5th toe

quadratus plantae lumbricals

QUADRATUS PLANTAE O: calcaneus I: tendons of flex digitorum longus N: lateral plantar n. A: flex lateral 4 toes LUMBRICALS O: tendons of flex digitorum longus I: extensor expansions N: Lumbrical 1: medial plantar n. Lumbrical 2,3, 4: lateral plantar n. A: extend IP, flex MTP joints

flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digit minimi

FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS O: cuboid, lat cuneiform I: proximal phalanx N: med plantar n. A: flex MTP jt ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS O: MT for oblique and transverse heads I: proximal phalanx N: lat plantar n. A: flex MTP jt FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI O: MT 5 I: proximal phalanx N: lat plantar n A: flex MTP jt

plantar interossei dorsal interossei

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

Medial & Lateral Plantar nerves * Muscles of sole of foot * Skin: – Medial plantar: 3 1/2 digits – Lateral planter: 1 1/2 digits (similar to median nerve) (similar to ulnar nerve)

Arches of the Foot transverse arch external (lateral) longitudinal arch internal (medial) longitudinal arch

Arches of the Foot

Medial longitudinal arch

Medial Longitudinal Arch * Calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms & 3 MT * Supported by – CT: plantar aponeurosis, spring ligament, plantar ligaments – Muscles: Flexor hallucis longus, abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior & posterior

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

Lateral Longitudinal Arch * Calcaneus, cuboid, lateral two MT * Supported by – CT: plantar aponeurosis, long & short plantar ligaments – Muscles: abductor digiti minimi, fibularis longus, brevis and tertius

Transverse Arch

Transverse Arch * Cuboid, cuneiforms, the 5 MT's * Supported by * CT: deep transverse ligaments * Muscles: fibularis longus, adductor hallucis

Anatomy II Lecture Exam I Flashcards

(66 cards)