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Anatomy III Flashcards

rerire (122 cards)

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1
Q

What surrounds & protects the kidneys?

A

perirenal fat pads

aka perirenal fat capsule

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2
Q

Where do the adrenal glands attach?

A

to the diaphragm

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3
Q

Describe the cortex & medulla of the adrenal glands

A

C - secretes corticosteroids

M - postsynaptic sympathetic cells, neuron like, secretes epinephrine

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4
Q

Where are the kidneys usually located?

A

between T12 & L2

by pelvis in fetus

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5
Q

What is an ectopic or horseshoe kidney?

A

e - nonnormal location

h - kidneys stuck together, urine doesn’t drain as well & inc. risk of kidney stones

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the kidneys

A
  1. Superior pole - top
  2. Inferior pole - bottom
  3. Central hilum - for vessels
  4. Renal capsule (tough)
  5. Cortex - where filtration occurs
  6. Medulla - has collecting ducts w/ pyramids
  7. Calyces - where urine drains (minor & major)
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7
Q

Describes the calyces in the kidneys

A

where urine drains

minor - collects directly from pyramids, drain into major calyces

major - drains into renal pelvis & into ureter

renal sinus - space surrounding calyces

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8
Q

What is the space surrounding the kidneys?

A

renal sinus

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9
Q

Describe the ureters

A 
muscular tube, 3-4 mm diameter
smooth muscle = peristalsis
retroperitoneal
courses over top of iliac artery & vein where they bifurcate 
drain into bottom of urinary bladder
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10
Q

Where do stones typically develop in the ureters?

A

where the iliac artery & vein bifurcate

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11
Q

Where do the ureters drain?

A

bottom of the urinary bladder

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12
Q

What is the ureterovesical valve?

A

sphincter where ureter & bladder meet
opens from peristalsis from ureters
-prevents back flow b/c bladder always squeezes

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13
Q

What supports the urinary bladder?

A

supported by pubic bones & symphysis

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14
Q

Describe the urinary bladder

A

muscular wall = detrusor muscle
urachus - suspends from anterior abdominal wall by apex
lined w/ rugae
trigone - 3 openings

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15
Q

What is the urachus?

A

it suspends the bladder from the anterior abdominal wall

-was a tube as a fetus

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16
Q

What is a patent urachus?

A

urachus doesn’t completely close

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17
Q

Where does the uterus rest?

A

on top of the bladder

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18
Q

Describe the urethra

A

small muscular tube
internal urethral sphincter - smooth muscle
external urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle
(sphincters ~ 1 in.)

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19
Q

How long is the urethra in a woman?

A

1.5 in

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20
Q

How long is the urethra in a man?

A

8 in.

  1. Prosthetic
  2. Membranous
  3. Penile
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21
Q

What is contained in the antero-inferior abdominal wall?

A
  1. Pubic symphysis
  2. Pubic crest
  3. Superior ramus of pubis
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22
Q

What is contained in the lateral pelvic cavity?

A
  1. Obturator fascia

2. Obturator internus muscle

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23
Q

What is contained in the posterior pelvic wall & roof?

A
  1. Sacrum
  2. Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
  3. Piriformus muscle
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24
Q

What is contained in the pelvic floor?

A
  1. Perineal membrane
  2. Puborectalis
  3. Pubococcygeus
  4. Iliococcygeus
  5. Coccygeus muscle
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25
What are the parts of the levator ani muscle?
1. Puborectalis 2. Pubococcygeus 3. Iliococcygeus
26
What arteries directly branch of the aorta?
1. Inferior phrenic 2. Middle adrenal 3. Celiac trunk 4. Superior mesenteric 5. Renal 6. Gonadal 7. Inferior mesenteric 8. Common iliac
27
The abdominal veins drain into the inferior vena cava except!
1. Gonadal - R to IVC L to L renal vein 2. Mesenteric, splenic, gastric to hepatic portal vein
28
Describe the male pelvic cavity
1. Hiatus for urethra 2. Perineal membrane to support prostate 3. Hiatus for deep dorsal vein
29
What brings the testes closer to the penis?
gubernaculum
30
What is the testis peritoneum called?
tunica vaginalis
31
What produces sperm?
seminiferous tubules
32
What is the capsule around the testes?
tunica albuginea
33
Describe the pathway of the testes
1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Rete testis 3. Efferent ductules 4. Epididymal duct 5. Vas deferens 6. Ampulla 7. Ejaculatory duct 8. Urethra
34
Where does the seminal vesicle drain?
into the ejaculatory duct provides ~75% of seminal fluid
35
Name the prostate lobes
1. Anterior 2. Median 3. Lateral (2) 4. Posterior
36
Describe the median lobe of the prostate
1st to become enlarged hard time emptying bladder active glandular
37
Describe the anterior lobe of the prostate
strengthens urethra | nonglandular
38
Describe the posterior lobe of the prostate
flat palpable through rectum highest chance for cancer
39
Which lobe of the prostate is 1st to become enlarged?
median lobe
40
Which lobe of the prostate strengthens the urethra?
anterior lobe
41
Which lobe of the prostate is palpable through the rectum?
posterior lobe
42
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
secretes during arousal to clean out urethra aka Cowper's glands ducts into inferior aspect of urethra
43
Describe the corpus spongiosum of the penis
contains urethra 1. Bulb 2. Pedicel 3. Glans
44
Describe the corpus cavernosum of the penis
1. Scapus (shaft) | 2. 2 crura - connected to ischia
45
Describe the arteries of the penis
1. Dorsal - feeds corpus spongiosum (enters glans) | 2. Deep - feeds corpus cavernosum
46
Where do the veins in the penis drain?
the deep dorsal vein
47
What are the muscles of the penis?
1. Bulbospongiosus | 2. Ischiocavernosus
48
Describe the bulbospongiosus muscle of the penis
Rhythmically contracts the urethra during climax | wrapped around base of corpus spongiosum
49
Describe the ischiocavernosus muscle of the penis
tenses to maintain an erection
50
How is the penis suspended
suspensory ligament | attaches to pubic symphysis
51
Describe the female pelvic cavity
1. Hiatus for deep dorsal vein of the clitorus 2. Hiatus for urethra 3. Hiatus for vagina
52
What is the capsule surrounding the ovaries?
Tunica albuginea has a bumpy surface due to follices
53
What causes the ovaries to descend?
the ovarian ligament
54
Describe the fallopian tubes
1. Fimbriae - finger-like extensions that draws things into the tube 2. Infundibulum - funnel 3. Ampulla - most length of the tube 4. Isthmus - where the tube is connected to the uterus
55
What is the epoophoron?
the vestigial remnants of the epididymis
56
Describe the tissue layers of the uterus
fundus, body, cervix 1. Perimetrium - visceral serosa 2. Myometrium - smooth muscle wall 3. Endometrium - mucosal lining
57
Name the openings from the uterus
1. Uterine ostium - from fallopian tubes 2. Internal os - proximal cervix 3. External os - cervix to vagina
58
What is the broad ligament?
Hold the uterus to the lateral walls
59
What is the round ligament?
aka ligamentum teres enters the inguinal canal & connects uterus to labia
60
Name the uterine ligaments
1. Broad ligament | 2. Round ligament
61
Describe the vagina
flattened muscular tube vestibule - entrance fornix - top of vagina where cervix meets that can extend rugae
62
What are the glands of the vagina?
1. Paraurethral gland - secretes prostatic fluid 2. Greater vestibular glands Vaginal transudate - capillaries leak during arousal
63
What is the female version of the ampulla?
Vaginal Transudate
64
What is the female version of the prostate?
Paraurethral gland
65
What is the corpus spongiosum of the vagina?
Vestibular bulb - under labia
66
What is the corpus cavernosum in the female?
Clitorus -crura, scapus & glans
67
In the vagina, where does the dorsal arteries drain?
vestibular bulbs
68
In the vagina, where do the deep arteries drain?
Corpus cavernosum
69
Where does the female erectile tissue drain?
into the deep dorsal vein
70
Describe the vagina muscles
1. Bulbospongiosus - contracts during climax | 2. Ischiocavernosus - maintains erectus
71
What is the clitorus suspended by?
the suspensory ligament
72
Name the bones of the pelvic gurdle
1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubic bone
73
Name the lower limb bones
1. Femur 2. Tibia 3. Fibula 4. Patella 5. Tarsals 6. Metatarsals 7. Phalanges
74
Name the pelvic gurdle joints
1. Sacroiliac - synovial joint | 2. Pubic symphysis - joint via fibrocartilage disc
75
Name the ligaments of the sacroiliac joints
``` Main: 1. anterior 2. posterior 3. interosseous sacroiliac Accessory 1. Iliolumbar 2. Sacrospinous 3. Sacrotuberous ```
76
What are the ligaments in the pubic symphysis?
joint via fibrocartilage disc | superior & inferior pubic ligaments
77
Name the limb joints
1. Coxal 2. Knee 3. Tibiofibular 4. Talocrural 5. Transverse tarsal 6. Tarsometatarsal 7. Metatarsalphalangeal 8. Interphalangeal
78
What is different about the acetabulum?
it is not complete inferiorly | it is completed by the transverse acetabular ligament
79
Name the ligaments of the coxal joint
1. Intracapsular 2. Extracapsular - iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral
80
What is a broken hip?
the neck of the femur bad b/c no periosteum
81
What is a pelvic fracture?
os coxal fracture
82
What are the articulations of the knee?
2 btwn femur & tibia | 1 btwn femur & patella
83
Where does the patella develop?
sesamoid bone develops w/in tendon of quadriceps forms groove = patellar track
84
Describe the menisci of the knee
1. Lateral - slightly mobile | 2. Medial - fixed, most commonly injured
85
Name the ligaments of the knee joint
``` Extracapsular 1. MCL 2. LCL Intracapsular 1. ACL 2. PCL 3. Transverse 4. Posterior meniscofemoral ```
86
Name the bursae of the knee jiont
1. Prepatellar 2. Superficial infrapatellar 3. Deep infrapatellar 4. Suprapatellar 5. Lateral gastrocnemius 6. Medial gastrocnemius 7. LCL 8. Biceps femoris (lateral hamstring) 9. IT 10. Semimembranous (medial hamstring) 11. Anserine
87
Name the tibiofilbular joints
1. Superior tibiofibular 2. Interosseous membrane 3. Inferior tibiofibular
88
Name the ligaments of the superior tibiofibular joint
synovial hinge joint 1. Anterior ligament of fibular head 2. Posterior ligament of fibular head
89
Name the ligaments of the inferior tibiofibular joint
clamp joint - connects to ankle 1. Anterior tibiofibular ligament 2. Posterior tibiofibular ligament
90
When is the clamp (tibiofibular joint) loosened?
during plantar flexion - toes pointed downward
91
Name the ligaments of the talocrural joint
``` Upper 1. Anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligaments Lower 1. Lateral ligament - group of bands anterior & posterior talofibular bands calcaneofibular band 2. Medial ligament - 4 bands anterior & posterior tibiotalar band tibiocalcaneal band tibionavicular band ```
92
What is the most common ankle injury?
inversion sprain - lateral ligament
93
What is a high ankle sprain?
a twisted ankle | anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligaments (clamp)
94
What makes up the medial longitudinal arch?
1. Tibialis posterior muscle 2. Spring ligament 3. Plantar fascia - maintains arch
95
What happens with acute stress on the arch?
ex. standing, running on concrete - plantar fasciitis can lead to bone spurs (calcaneal)
96
What happens with chronic stress on the arch?
ex. gradual wt gain, reduction of tibialis posterior contraction - Pes planus - flat foot leads to knee pain - anserine bursitis
97
What innervates the lower limbs?
1. Lumbar plexus - L2-L4 | 2. Sacral plexus - L4-S4
98
Name the leads off the lumbar plexus
1. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve 2. Femoral nerve 3. Obturator nerve - anterior
99
Name the leads off the sacral plexus
1. Superior gluteal 2. Inferior gluteal 3. Piriformis 4. Posterior femoral cutaneous 5. Sciatic
100
What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?
skin of lateral thigh -posterior from lumbar plexus
101
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
skin & muscles of anterior thigh & medial 1/2 of calf=saphenous nerve -posterior from lumbar plexus
102
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
Muscles & skin of medial thigh -anterior from lumbar plexus
103
What nerves innervate the gluteal region?
1. Superior gluteal 2. Inferior gluteal 3. Piriformis
104
What does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?
skin of posterior thigh
105
What innervates the skin of the booty?
Cluneal nerves from dorsal rami of T12-L3, S1-S3
106
Name the branches of the sciatic nerve
``` sciatic to 1. Tibial to medial & lateral plantar 2. Common peroneal to deep & superficial peroneal ```
107
What are the non-limb nerves from the sacral plexus?
``` 1. Nerve to pelvic floor levator ani ischiococcygeus 2. Pudendal nerve rectum labia & scrotum erectile tissue ```
108
What arteries feed the adductor magnus?
perforating branches from deep femoral artery
109
What are the superficial veins of the leg?
1. Dorsal venous arch 2. Great saphenous 3. Small saphenous Deeps veins named after arteries Vena comitantes below knee Singular veins above knee
110
What muscles does the femoral nerve innervate?
1. Pectineus 2. Iliacus 3. Sartorius 4. Rectus femorus 5. Vastus lateralis 6. Vastus medialis 7. Vastus intermedius
111
What muscles does the obturator nerve innervate?
1. Adductor Longus 2. Adductor Brevis 3. Adductor Magnus (sciatic too) 4. Gracilis 5. Obturator externus
112
What muscles does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?
1. Gluteus Medius 2. Gluteus Minimus 3. Tensor Fasciae Latae
113
Which muscles aid in dorsiflexion of the ankle?
1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor digitorum longus 3. Extensor hallicus longus 4. Fibularis tertius
114
Which muscles does the deep fibular nerve innervate?
1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor digitorum longus 3. Extensor hallicus longus 4. Fibularis tertius 5. Extensor Hallicus Brevis 6. Extensor Digitorum Brevis
115
Which muscles does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?
1. Fibularis longus | 2. Fibularis brevis
116
Which muscles attach to the calcaneus?
Via calcaneus tendon 1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris
117
Which muscles does the tibial nerve innervate?
1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris 4. Popliteus 5. Flexor Hallicus Longus 6. Flexor Digitorum Longus 7. Tibialis Posterior
118
Which muscles are involved in plantarflexion?
1. Fibularis longus & brevis 2. Gastrocne,ius 3. Soleus 4. Plantaris
119
What muscles does the lateral plantar nerve innervate?
1. Abductor Digiti Minimi 2. Quadratus Plantae 3. Adductor Hallicus 4. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis 5. Plantar Interossei 6. Dorsal Interossei
120
What nerves does the Medial Plantar Nerve innervate?
1. Abductor Hallicus 2. Flexor Digitorum Brevis 3. Flexor Hallicus Brevis
121
Which muscle is innervated by the medial & lateral plantar nerves?
Lumbricals
122
Where is a common site for kidney stones in the ureters?
Where the iliac artery & vein bifurcate

Anatomy III (1 decks)

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