ANATOMY - JOINTS

Question 1

What is a joint?

Answer 1

A normal interruption in the continuity of the skeleton

Question 2

What is a simple joint?

Answer 2

Only 2 bones involved

Question 3

What is a compound joint?

Answer 3

More than 2 bones involved

Question 4

What are the 2 types of non-synovial joints?

Answer 4

• fibrous joints
• cartilaginous joints

Question 5

What defines a non-synovial joint?

Answer 5

Doesn’t have a joint cavity

Question 6

What defines a synovial joint?

Answer 6

Has a joint cavity

Question 7

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

Answer 7

Sutures in skull
Fibrous attachments between teeth and jaws

Question 8

Is movement possible at fibrous joints?

Answer 8

Very little movement is possible

Question 9

Describe a fibrous joint

Answer 9

The bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue.
The bones are serrated and lock which gives them stability
Fibrous joints disappear with age as bones fuse

Question 10

What are the types of cartilaginous joint?

Answer 10

Primary
Secondary

Question 11

What is an example of a primary cartilagenous joint?

Answer 11

Epiphyseal plate

Question 12

Is movement possible at primary cartaliganous joints?

Answer 12

Very little movement possible

Question 13

What is Osgood-Schlatter disease?

Answer 13

A disease common in young athletes
Irritation at growth plate on tibia
Caused by tension on patellar ligament

Question 14

What are examples of secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 14

Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral discs

Question 15

Describe structure of secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 15

• Hyaline cartilage covers the articulate surfaces
• there is a pad of fibrous cartilage in between

Question 16

Are secondary cartilaginous joints flexible?

Answer 16

Yes. The thickness of the fibrous cartilage pad determines the relative movement of the bones

Question 17

What is found at the ends of bones in synovial joints?

Answer 17

An articulate layer of hyaline cartilage

Question 18

Why is any wear on articulate cartilage permanent?

Answer 18

It isn’t replaced after growth stops

Question 19

Do synovial joints have any blood vessels?

Answer 19

No. They get nutrients from synovial fluid and blood vessels in the bones

Question 20

What surrounds a synovial joint?

Answer 20

A fibrous capsule made of dense irregular connective tissue

Question 21

What can happen to the fibrous capsule of synovial joints if there is prolonged inactivity of the joint?

Answer 21

• connective tissue shortens
• joints become stiff

Question 22

What is the purpose of ligaments in a synovial joint?

Answer 22

Resist dislocation

Question 23

Where is the synovial membrane located?

Answer 23

In synovial joints.
Lining the capsule
Not found on the articular cartilage, or any menisci

Question 24

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Answer 24

Lubricate joints

Question 25

What is joint effusion?

Answer 25

When there is increased amount of fluid in the joint cavity. It can indicate joint disease

Question 26

What are intra-articular discs/menisci ?

Answer 26

Pads of fibrocartilage

Question 27

What are intraarticular discs / menisci attached to?

Answer 27

Joint capsule

Question 28

What is the function of an intraarticular disc?

Answer 28

It completely subdivides the joint, so that different movements can occur in each section

Question 29

What is the function of menisci in a joint?

Answer 29

- improve fit - improve lubrication - shock absorption - distribution of pressure

Question 30

What is a labrum in a synovial joint?

Answer 30

A fibrocartilagnous lip around the joint cavities

Question 31

What is the function of a labrum in a synovial joint?

Answer 31

Increases the size of the socket

Question 32

What are the function of fat pads in a synovial joint?

Answer 32

Occupy dead space

Question 33

What are the types of synovial joints, classified on shape?

Answer 33

- plane - hinge - saddle - pivot - ellipsoid - ball and socket

Question 34

Describe a plane joint and give example.

Answer 34

- Flat surfaces - Allow only a slight gliding movement - acromioclavicular joint

Question 35

Describe a hinge joint and give example

Answer 35

- Have a cylinder shaped surface fitting into a half-tube surface - uniaxial - elbow/ knee

Question 36

Describe a saddle joint and give examples

Answer 36

- 2 saddle shaped bones coming together - biaxial - thumb

Question 37

Describe a pivot joint and give examples

Answer 37

- a bony process rotating within a bone & ligament - uniaxial - radioulnar joints

Question 38

Describe an ellipsoid joint and give examples

Answer 38

- egg shaped - biaxial - metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 39

Describe a ball and socket joint and give examples

Answer 39

- multiaxial - shoulder/hip

Question 40

What does it mean if a joint has good congruity ?

Answer 40

The surfaces of the bones involve are similar and there is a good fit

Question 41

What is the close packed position of a joint?

Answer 41

The joint position with the greatest congruity

Question 42

What is the loose packed position of a joint?

Answer 42

Any joint position which isn’t the close packed position

Question 43

Why are the close packed positions better?

Answer 43

E.g standing (KNEE JOINT) - minimises muscle energy - ligaments and capsule are taught - bones are screwed together - joint is highly stable

Question 44

What causes osteoarthritis?

Answer 44

- cartilage on the ends of bones wears down over time . - increased pressure on bones - synovial fluid production increased in response - joint cavity swells, capsule stretches, leading to pain - bone underneath the damage thickened (BONE SPURS) - joint movement leads to pain and inflammation

Question 45

What body parts are normally affected by osteoarthritis ?

Answer 45

Knees and hips