Anatomy Lab Manual Q's - Section 3 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
A
- Skin
- Dense connective tissue
- Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)
- Loose Connective tissue - plane of easy seperation - contains blood vessels
- Pericranium - periosteum of the skull that provides nutrition to the bones
2
Q
Which muscles of facial expression & their intervining aponeurosis contribute to the formation of the scalp?
A
Frontalis and occipitalis and the intervening epicranial aponeurosis
3
Q
In which plane of the scalp do blood vessels lie & why do scalp lacerations bleed so profusely?
A
The Loose areolar connective tissue layer. This layer easily tears from the skull causing excessive bleeding
4
Q
What is the calvaria of the skull?
A
The skull cap
5
Q
What bones do the saggital and coronal sutures of the skull seperate?
A
Saggital: R & L temporal bones
Coronal: Frontal from R & L temporal
6
Q
What is the layer of pneumatized bone b/t the inner and outer tables of compact bone?
A
Diploe
7
Q
Arachnoid granulations lie lateral to what sulcus? What is the role of the granulations in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?
A
Lying laterally in the superior sagittal sulcus allows cerebrospinal fluid to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the venous blood w/in the superior sagittal sinus. Possible site of infection spreading.
8
Q
What is the falx cerebri?
A
The dural partition that separates the cerebral hemispheres. Attaching anteriorly to the crista galli
9
Q
What is the membrane covering sella turcica called? What structure pierces this membrane?
A
Diaphragma sellae is the dura mater covering sella turcica and it is pierced by the infundibulum.
10
Q
What is the infundibulum seen piercing the diaphragma sellae on sella turcica?
A
The infundibulum, or pituitary stalk, provides communication b/t the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland.
11
Q
What is the name of the dural septa that separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes?
A
Tentorium cerebelli
12
Q
Give 3 attachment sites of the dural septa that correspond with intercranial fossas?
A
Superior sagittal, superior petrosal, and transverse sinuses.
13
Q
What is the gap in the tentorium cerebelli, through which the brainstem ascends upon the clivus?
A
Tentorial notch
14
Q
Where would CN I, the olfactory bulb and tract, be found in the skull?
A
On the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
15
Q
What opening lies on either side of the optic chiasm? What travels through this passage?
A
Optic canals. The optic nerve and opthalmic arteries, branches of the internal carotid travel through the optic canal, communicating with the orbit
16
Q
After entering the skull through the carotid canal, what are three major branches given off by the internal carotid artery?
A
Opthalmic artery and Middle & anterior communicating arteries. Anterior plays role in circle of willis.
17
Q
What is the hypophysis?
A
The pituitary gland, which lies in sella turcica and communicates with the hypothalamus via the infundibulum or pituitary stalk
18
Q
Where might we find the oculomotor nerve?
A
Piercing the dura forming the roof of the cavernous sinus.
19
Q
What are the 6 structures that travel w/in the cavernous sinus?
A
CNs III, IV, V1, V2, VI and the internal carotid artery. Note: All but the maxillary nerve, which passes through foramen rotundum to the pterygopallatine fossa, travel through the superior orbital fissure to the orbit.
20
Q
What extraocular muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?
A
Superior oblique
21
Q
Where might the abducens nerve be seen in the cadaver?
A
Piercing the dura overlying the clivus.
22
Q
What artery may be seen lying on the clivus in the cadaver?
A
Basilar artery, formed by the joining of the two vertebral arteries
23
Q
What are the three major branches of the opthalmic nerve w/in the orbit?
A
- Nasociliary
- Frontal
- Lacrimal
24
Q
What are the 4 major branches of the nasociliary N.?
A
- Posterior ethmoidal
- Long ciliary
- Infratrochlear
- Ciliary ganglion sympathetics
- Anterior ethmoidal
25
What are the 4 sensory branches of the mandibular nerve? What are the 3 motor nerves that supply the muscles of mastication?
```
Sensory (GSA)
1. Buccal (long buccal)
2. Auriculotemporal
3. Inferior alveolar
4. Lingual
Motor (GSE)
1. Masseteric
2. Deep temporal
3. Lateral pterygoid
```
26
What are the 5 major branches of the facial nerve that arborate from the parotid plexus?
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Marginal mandibular
5. Cervical
27
Through what foramen does the mandibular nerve (V3) exit the skull? Maxillary Nerve (V2)?
Foramen ovale.
| Foramen rotundum
28
What two cranial nerves enter the internal auditory meatus together?
CN VII (facial) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
29
What three cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Vagus (CN X), and the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
30
What two sinuses confluence at in the jugular foramen? What vein do they form?
The sigmoid sinus and inferior petrosal enter the jugular foramen to form the internal jugular vein.
31
The spinal root of CN XI enters the skull via what opening?
Foramen magnum
32
Where is the hypoglossal nerve seen exiting the skull?
In the hypoglossal canal on the lateral surface of foramen magnum
33
What is separated by the falx cerebelli? What sinus travels with the falx cerebelli to foramen magnum?
Falx cerebelli separates the cerebellar hemispheres and is associated with the occipital sinus as it descends from the confluence of sinuses.
34
What is the clinical significance of the anastomoses b/t the venous dural sinuses and the internal vertebral venous plexus in foramen magnum?
Provides alternate venous drainage from the cranial cavity if the internal jugular vein is blocked. The occipital sinus anastomoses w/ the internal vertebral venous plexus, which feeds into the vertebral veins that drain into the brachiocephalic veins after descending through the transverse foramina of the spinal column.
35
What is the clinical significance of the venous communications between the cavernous sinus and the pterygoid venous plexus?
Infections can be passed from the pterygoid venous plexus to the cavernous sinus causing thrombosis (swelling). This causes compression of the nerves traveling w/in the cavernous sinus, which may lead to paralysis of facial muscles.
36
All of the extraocular rectus muscle share the same origin and insertion. What are they?
```
Origin = Tendinous ring
Insertion = Sclera
```
37
What is the insertion & origin for superior oblique? Inferior oblique?
Sup Oblique: Origin = Body of the sphenoid; Ins = Sclera
| Inf Oblique: Ori = Anterior floor of the orbit; Ins = Sclera
38
What is the periosteum lining the bony orbit and encasing the massive amount of fat that protects the structures of the orbit called?
Periorbita
39
What are the branches of the nasociliary nerve?
```
Posterior Ethmoid
Lacrimal Nerve
Infratrochlear Nerve
Ciliary ganglion - sensory fibers
Anterior Ethmoid
```
40
What is the function of the ciliary ganglion?
The major function of the ciliary ganglion is the autonomic control of the pupillary sphincter in response to light. Also adjust lens convexity in response to image focus.
41
What two fiber types innervate the lacrimal gland and how do they get there?
GSA: Lacrimal Nerve from Opthalmic nerve of CN V
GVE: Secretomotor fibers are supplied to the lacrimal gland by the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve. This branch originates was part of the vidian nerve, after joining the deep petrosal nerve in the pterygoid canal. From the pterygopallatine fossa the vidian nerve enters the orbit via the inferior orbital fissure & joins the lacrimal nerve in innervating the lacrimal gland.
42
What route do tears take starting at the lacrimal gland?
Lacrimal gland --> Lacrimal Caruncle --> Sup & Inf punctae lacrimalis --> Lacrimal canal --> Lacrimal sac --> Nasolacrimal duct --> Inf nasal conchae
43
Branches of the cervical plexus arise from what point?
Erb's point
44
What is the role of the cervical plexus?
It provides cutaneous innervation to the anterolateral neck and a portion of the lateral face.
45
What four cutaneous nerves arise at Herb's point? What is the origin of each?
1. Greater auricular nerve. Derived from C2 & C3, the greater auricular nerve passes over SCM, parallel to the external jugular vein, on its way to innervate the skin of the ear.
2. Lesser Occipital nerve. Derived from C2 & C3, courses toward the apex of the posterior cervical triangle
3. Transverse Cervical (C2 & C3)
4. Supraclavicular Nerves (C3 & C4).
46
What are the boundaries of the posterior cervical triangle?
```
Posterior = trapezius
Anterior = SCM
Base = Clavicle
```
47
Which muscles form the floor of the posterior cervical triangle?
Ant, middle, & post scalene muscles, splenus capitis & levator scapulae muscle
48
What forms the roof of the posterior cervical triangle?
Platysma (anteriorly) & superficial layer of deep cervical fascia
49
Is the posterior triangle divided up into other triangles?
1. Occipital triangle
| 2. Omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle
50
What muscles does CN XI innervate?
SCM & trapezius
51
What are the boundaries of the anterior cervical triangle? Including floor & roof
1. Posterior = SCM
2. Anterior = midline of neck
3. Base = Mandible
Floor = Infrahyoid strap muscles
Roof = Investing layer of deep cervical fascia & platysma
52
What are the 4 members of the infrahyoid strap muscle group in the neck?
1. Sternohyoid
2. Omohyoid
3. Sternothyroid
4. Thyrohyoid
53
What is the innervation for all the members of the infrahyoid strap muscles?
- Ansa Cervicalis for Sternohyoid, omohyoid & sternothyroid.
| - Direct branch of C1 innervates thyrohyoid.
54
What is the source of the phrenic nerve? What does it innervate?
The phrenic nerve arises from C3-C5 & travels inferiorly to innervate the diaphragm.
55
What is the origin & insertion for the subclavius muscle? Innervation?
Origin: 1st rib & costal cartilage
Insertion: Subclavian groove of clavicle
Inn: Nerve to subclavius. Arises from C5-C6 in brachial plexus.
Note: Along w/ pectoralis major & minor muscles, the subclavian muscle helps make up the anterior wall of the axilla.
56
What makes up the superior & inferior branches of the ansa cervicalis?
Superior: C1 & C2 (Joins the hypoglossal nerve for awhile)
Inferior: C2 & C3
57
What 3 neurovascular structures are found in the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery, Internal Jugular vein & Vagus nerve. May also contain deep cervical lymph nodes.
58
Where does the thoracic duct feed into the vasculature system? Where else might we see the thoracic duct?
At the internal jugular vein-subclavian vein junction on the Left side.
May also see the thoracic duct as it ascends in the posterior mediastinum lateral to the hemiazygos vein.
59
Where does the parotid duct enter the oral cavity?
Adjacent to the 2nd maxillary molar
60
On its way to the parotid plexus, the trunk of the facial nerve exits the school through what hole?
Stylomastoid foramen
61
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?
Anterior & posterior digastrics and mandible
62
What are the borders of the submental triangle?
Anterior digastric, midline of the neck, & hyoid bone
63
What artery & nerve give off the masseteric artery & nerves that innervate the deep surface of the masseter after traveling through the mandibular notch?
1. Maxillary artery
| 2. Mandibular Nerve (V3)
64
What two fiber types is chorda tympani (CN VII) composed of? What is the purpose of each?
1. Special sensory afferent fibers transmitting taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue back to the brain
2. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. Sent to submandibular ganglion to stimulate submandibular gland & lingual gland
65
Where would you look for the auriculotemporal nerve? What fiber type does the auriculotemporal nerve bring to the parotid gland? From where?
Look for the auriculotemporal nerve leaving the mandibular nerve, as TWO branches, below the foramen ovale and encircling the middle meningeal artery before the two branches join & run through the parotid gland before turning superiorly to innervate the auricle & temporal regions of the side of the head. The auriculotemporal picks up postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion & carries them to the parotid gland.
66
What does the maxillary vein drain? Where would you find it?
The maxillary vein drains the pterygoid venous plexus into the occipital vein just before it joins the submandibular vein. The maxillary vein is found in the infratemporal fossa near the maxillary artery.
67
What two veins does the deep facial vein connect?
The pterygoid venous plexus & the facial vein.
68
What does the retromandibular vein drain? Where do its two branches drain into?
The retromandibular vein drains the occipital and superficial temporal veins. The retromandibular vein then sends posterior branches to the EJV & anterior branches to synapse w/ the facial, forming the common facial vein, which drains into the IJV.
69
What do the IJV, EJV, & AJVs drain into?
IJV: Subclavian
| EJV & AJV: Combine just superior to the subclavian and drain there.
70
What nerve is the submandibular ganglion suspended from?
Lingual nerve
71
Where would you look for the otic ganglion?
In the infratemporal fossa, just below foramen ovale, behind the mandibular nerve.
72
Where do the preganglionic parasympatheric fibers that synapse in the otic ganglion come from?
Lesser Petrosal Nerve via CN IX & the tympanic plexus.
73
How does the lesser petrosal nerve travel from the tympanic plexus to the otic ganglion?
The lesser petrosal nerve arises from the tympanic plexus and leaves the temporal bone to the middle cranial fossa via the
74
What is a distinguishing feature of the phrenic nerve as it descends through the deep neck?
It descends on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle
75
From what nerves does the phrenic nerve arrive? What is the phrenic nerve's job?
Phrenic arises from C3, C4 & C5, to innervate the diaphragm. Remember: "C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive."
76
Through what two muscles do the roots & trunks of the brachial plexus pass?
Through the middle & andterior scalenes, just anterior to the middle scalene's attachment to the 1st rib. This gap is termed the scalene interval.
77
What are the branches of the subclavian artery?
1. Vertebral artery. 1st branch, off posterior
2. Internal Thoracic artery. 2nd branch, off anterior
3. Thyrocervical trunk. Very short has 3 branches
4. Costocervical trunk. Arises behind anterior scalene
4. Dorsal Scapular. Last branch arises just after anterior scalene & just before the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery
78
What are the 3 branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
"TC S.IT"
1. Transverse Cervical*
2. Supraclavicular*
3. Inferior Thyroid
* Note: Both the suprascapular & the transverse cervical nerves pass ANTERIOR to the anterior scalene muscle after branching.
79
The suprascapular artery travels w/ what nerve? What is the nerve's origin?
Suprascapular nerve from the superior trunk (C5 & C6) of the brachial plexus.
80
The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates what muscle? What is the effect if the external branch is damaged?
1. Cricothyroid muscles
| 2. Inability to produce pitched speech
81
What groove, between the trachea and the esophagus, does the recurrent laryngeal nerve ascends?
Tracheo-esophageal groove
82
What two fiber types are found in the recurrent laryngeal? What does the recurrent laryngeal innervate?
1. Motor (SVE) & Sensory (GVA).
| 2. The recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle.
83
Where is the sympathetic trunk found?
Ascending, deep to the carotid sheath, within the prevertebral fascia.
84
What is a consequence of damage to the sympathetic trunk?
Horner's Syndrome. Ptosis, anhydrosis, & miosis are all symptoms of horner's syndrome.
85
What are the 3 anterior prevertebral muscles?
1. Anterior capitis rectus
2. Longis capitis
3. Longus coli
86
What are the 4 lateral prevertebral muscles?
1. Rectus capitis lateralis
| 2,3,4. Posterior, middle & anterior scalene muscles
87
What is the space b/t the posterior wall of the pharynx & the prevertebral fascia? What is the significance?
Retropharyngeal space. Spread of infection.
88
What is the origin for each of the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles? What is their shared insertion? Innervation? Blood supply?
Origins:
-Superior: Medial pterygoid plate
-Middle: Hyoid bone
-Inferior: Cricoid (cricoid portion) & thyroid (thyroid portion) cartilage
Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe
Innervation: Pharyngeal nerve (CN X) from pharyngeal plexus
Blood supply: Ascending pharyngeal artery from ECA
89
What are the 3 vertical pharyngeal muscles? Which 2 are visible? Function?
1. Palatopharyngeal - visible
2. Salpingopharyngeal - visible, medial to eustachian tube (found by bump called torus tubarius)
3. Stylopharyngeal
Elevate the pharynx during deglutition
90
What muscle rises from the palate superiorly b/t the palatopharyngeal & salpingopharyngeal folds to torus tubarius?
Levator velli palatini
91
What is the opening of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx above the soft palate called?
Choana or posterior nares
92
Posterior to the torus tubarius in the nasopharynx, what is the space that has the pharyngeal tonsil at its most superior end?
Pharyngeal recess
93
What is the name of the pharyngeal tonsil when enlarged?
Adenoid tonsils
94
What are the two muscular arches on either side of the palatine tonsils called?
Palatoglossus & Palatopharyngeal arches.
95
What type of tissue makes up the tonsils?
Lymphatic
96
What is the circular relationship of the tonsils in the pharynx called?
Waldeyer's ring
97
Where does the sphenoid sinus drain into?
Sphenoethmoidal space superior & posterior to the superior concha.
98
What drains into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct, draining tears from the lacrimal sac.
99
What paranasal sinuses drain into the hiatus semilunaris, in the middle meatus?
1. Maxillary
2. Ethmoid
3. Frontal sinus
100
What 3 structures border the hiatus semilunaris?
Superior: Ethmoid Bulla
Anterior & Inferior: Uncinate process of the ethmoid bone
Posterior: Middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone
