Anatomy lecture 1

Question 1

Supports the head but doesn’t have a body

Answer 1

Atlas C1

Question 2

Transverse foramen & largest vertebral foramen

Answer 2

Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

Question 3

Articulates with the atlas (dens)

Answer 3

Axis - allows for movement from side to side

Question 4

Vertebrae with three sets of costal facets

Answer 4

Thoracic T1 - T12 ( transverse, inferior and superior costal facets)

Question 5

Vertebrae with a large body and Mammillary process

Answer 5

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 - L5)

Question 6

Spondylolysis

Answer 6

Degeneration or defect of a portion of the vertebra (commonly a stress fracture of L5); involves the pars interarticularis. Pars interarticularis is between the superior and inferior articular processes!

Question 7

Spondylolisthesis

Answer 7

Forward slipped body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it, or upon the sacrum (L5-S1).

Question 8

Lamina

Answer 8

Posterior part of the spinal ring
Found in all three vertebrae
Laminectomy – lamina is removed in order access the spinal cord

Question 9

Spinous process

Answer 9

Posterior
On all vertebrae types
Point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine

Question 10

Pedicle

Answer 10

Connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch
Found on all vertebrae

Question 11

Inferior articular process (arch)

Superior articular process (arch)

Answer 11

Purpose of the facet is to fit with adjacent vertebrae
(Line up w/ superior vertebrae’s inferior articular process)
Posterior to the vertebral foramen

Question 12

Intervertebral foramen

Answer 12

IF: Space between vertebrae
Located under each pedicle
Spinal nerves exit through the intervertebral foramen
VF: the opening in a single vertebra that the spinal canal passes through

Question 13

Inferior vertebral notch

Superior vertebral notch

Answer 13

IVN: Located on the bottom of each pedicle
SVN: Located on the top of each pedicle

Question 14

Between L5 and the coccyx
Forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle. Includes 5 bones that are fused (first 3 fused bones have transverse processes that form the Ala

Answer 14

Sacrum

Question 15

Sacral hiatus

Answer 15

The opening into the vertebral canal in the midline of the dorsal surface of the sacrum between the laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra. Exposes the vertebral canal

Question 16

The openings between the fused sacral vertebrae transmitting the sacral nerves.

Answer 16

Posterior (dorsal) sacral foramina

Question 17

The opening that give passage to anterior primary rami of the sacral nerves.

Answer 17

Anterior sacral foramina

Question 18

Cone like ending of the spinal cord that occurs at L1 and L2

Answer 18

Conus medullaris

Question 19

Bundle of nerve roots and spinal nerves outside the spinal cord. Include nerve roots and spinal nerves from L2 to L5, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerves

Answer 19

Cauda equine

Question 20

Pia mater strand that exceeds down from the conus medularis – give longitudinal support to the spinal cord

Answer 20

Filum terminale

Question 21

A band of fibrous pia mater extending along the spinal cord on each side between the dorsal and ventral roots

Answer 21

Denticular ligament

Question 22

Meninges

Answer 22

Dura mater - Outer layer
Arachnoid mater - Middle layer
Subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater (filled with CSF, blood vessels and CN pass through here)
Pia mater - Inner layer
Adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Question 23

Space between the dura mater and the vertebral wall

Answer 23

Epidural Space

Question 24

Space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater (filled with CSF, blood vessels and CN pass through here)

Answer 24

Subarachnoid space

Question 25

outermost part of the spinal canal – between the dura and arachnoid mater

Answer 25

Subdural space

Question 26

Located between each vertebrae
Acts as a shock absorber
Annular layer (thick outer layer) and nucleus (soft get like center)

Answer 26

Intervertebral dic

Question 27

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid found

Answer 27

Subarachnoid Space

Question 28

What is the difference between a dorsal root and a dorsal ramus

Answer 28

Dorsal root contains only sensory or afferent fibers

Dorsal ramus carries both sensory and motor

Question 29

What is the difference between a ventral ramus and a ventral root

Answer 29

Root comes out of the spinal chord and only carries motor efferent fibers.
However the ventral ramus carries both afferent and efferent fibers

Question 30

Which normal curves of the vertebral column are primary (present at birth) and which develop after birth

Answer 30

Normal curves – thoracic and sacral curves (kyphotic curves)

Develop – lumbar and cervical - the lordotic curves (support the head and the weight of the body)

Question 31

If the body of the L1 vertebra is fractured, what spinal cord segments is likely to be affected

Answer 31

L1 because it is below L1 vertebrae. So all the nerves below are affected!

Question 32

At what level in the vertebral canal does the dural sac end

Answer 32

At S2 - The dural sac is the membranous sheath of dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord and the cauda equina.

Question 33

What is the difference between vertebral level and spinal cord level?

Answer 33

In the cervical section of the spinal cord all spinal nerves exit above the vertebrae, however there is an 8th cervical spinal nerve but there is only seven cervical vertebrae. At C7 you have C7 spinal nerve exiting above C7 and C8 spinal nerve exiting below C7. The vertebrae level corresponds to the numbered vertebrae C1 to C7, T1 to T12, L1 to L5. From T1 down Spinal nerves will exit below the corresponding vertebrae.

Question 34

What is a laminectomy

Answer 34

A surgical operation to remove the back of one or more vertebrae, usually to give access to the spinal cord or to relieve pressure on nerves.