Anatomy Lecture 2 -- Abdomen 2 Flashcards
1
Q
6 landmark lines and planes of the abdomen
A
- Midclavicular (or midinguinal) line
- Transpyloric plane
- Subcostal plane
- Transumbilical plane
- Intertubercular plane
- Interspinous plane
2
Q
Describe the precise location of the midclavicular (or midinguinal) line
A
- Halway point of the clavicle
- Bisects the inguinal ligament
3
Q
Describe the precise location of the transpyloric plane
A
- Halfway between the jugular notch and upper border of the pubic symphasis
- At the tip of the 9th costal cartilages
- Level of L1
4
Q
Describe the precise location of the subcostal plane
A
- Lower border of the 10th costal cartilage
- Level of the IVD between L2 and L3
5
Q
Describe the precise location of the transumbilical plane
A
Passes through the umbilicus
6
Q
Describe the precise location of the intertubercular plane
A
- Level of the iliac tubercles (5 cm posterior to the ASIS)
- Level of L5
7
Q
Describe the precise location of the interspinous plane
A
- Passes through the anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS)
- Level of the sacral promontory
8
Q
Locate the abdominal quadrants
A
9
Q
What defines the abdominal quadrants
A
Midline and transumbilical plane
10
Q
Organs contained in the right upper abdominal quadrant
A
Liver and gallbladder
11
Q
Organs contained in the left upper abdominal quadrant
A
Stomach and spleen
12
Q
Organs contianed in the right lower abdominal quadrant
A
- Cecum
- APpendix
- Ascending colon
- Small bowel
13
Q
Organs contained in the left lower abdominal quadrant
A
- Descending and sigmoid colon
- Small bowel
14
Q
6 abdominal regions
A
From top right to bottom left:
- Right hypochondriac region
- Right lumbar region
- Right iliac (inguinal region)
- Epigastric region
- Umbilical region
- Hypogastric region
- Left hypochondriac region
- Left lumbar region
- Left iliac (inguinal) region
15
Q
What defines the abdominal regions?
A
Midclavicular lines and subcostal and intertubercular planes
16
Q
Organs contained in the right hypochondriac region
A
Liver and hepatic flexure
17
Q
Organs contained in the right lumber region
A
Ascending colon
18
Q
Organs contained in the right iliac (inguinal) region
A
Cecum
19
Q
Organs contained in the epigastric region
A
Pylorus
20
Q
Organs contained in the umbilical region
A
Jejunum
21
Q
Organs contained in the hypogastric region
A
Rectum and bladder
22
Q
Organs contained in the left hypochondriac region
A
Spleen and splenic flexure
23
Q
Organs contained in the left lumbar region
A
Descending colon
24
Q
Organs contained in the left iliac (inguinal) region
A
Sigmoid colon
25
Define the peritoneal cavity
A potential space between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
26
Volume of fluid secreted by the peritoneum and its purpose
* 50 mL fluid secreted per day
* Acts as a lubricant and has anti-inflammatory properties
27
Define intraperitoneal organs
* Organs nearly totally covered by visceral peritoneum
* Not actually inside the peritoneal cavity, but project into the peritoneal cavity
* Are attached to the body wall and other organs by mesenteries and ligaments
28
11 intraperitoneal organs
1. Liver
2. Stomach (ST)
3. Spleen
4. Duodenum (1st part)
5. Small intestines (SI)
6. Cecum
7. Appendix
8. Transverse colon (TC)
9. Sigmoid colon
10. Rectum (upper 1/3)
11. Fallopian tubes/ovaries
29
Define retriperitoneal organs in general
Organs that have peritoneum on only their anterior side
30
Define primary retroperitoneal organs
Organs that were always posterior to the peritoneum throughout development
31
Define secondary retroperitoneal organs
Organs that were once suspended within the abdominal cavity by mesentery, but migrated posterior to the peritoneum during the course of embryogenesis to become retroperitoneal
32
6 primarily retroperitoneal organs
* Adrenal glands
* Kidneys
* Ureter
* Bladder
* Aorta
* Inferior vena cava
33
3 organs (and their specific parts) that are secondarily retroperitoneal
1. Head and neck of the pancreas (not the tail)
2. Second and third portions of the duodenum (not the first or fourth)
3. Ascending and descending portions of the colon (not transverse or sigmoid)
34
Define mesentery
Double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend portions of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity. Serous membrane that connects the parietal peritoneum with the visceral peritoneum
35
Define the lesser omentum and its function
Separate portion of peritoneum that stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides an access route for blood vessels and other structure entering or leaving the liver
36
Define the greater omentum
Hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior borders of the stomach
37
Define the mesentery proper
A thick mesenterial sheet that provides stability to the small intestine, but permits some independent movement
38
Define the transverse mesocolon
Mesentery that supports the transverse colon, extending from pancreas on the posterior wall to the transverse colon
39
Define the sigmoid mesocolon
Mesentery that supports the sigmoid colon
40
Describe the characteristics of the mesentery proper
* Fan-shaped suspensory ligament of jejunum and ileum
* Approx. 15 cm in length
* Line of attachment is oblique - extends from the point of termination of the duodenum to the base of the cecum
41
Define the paraduodenal fossa
Hole in the peritoneum through which the duodenum passes to become the jejunum and thus intraperitoneal
42
Situate the paracolic gutters (recesses)
Right = superolateral aspect of the hepatic flexure to the lateral aspect of the ascending colon, and around the cecum
43
Significance of the paracolic gutters
Bile, pus or blood released from viscera anywhere along its length may run along the gutter and collect in sites quite remote from the organ of origin
44
Effect of supine position for patients with infected fluid from the right iliac fossa
Contents may ascend in the gutter to enter the lesser sac
45
Effect of sitting position for patients with infected fluid from the stomach, duodenum or gallbladder
May run down the gutter to collect in the right iliac fossa or pelvis and may mimic acute appendicitis or form a pelvic abscess
46
Define the gastrocolic ligament (GC)
A portion of greater omentum (GO) that stretches from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. It forms part of the anterior wall of the lesser sac
47
2 parts of the lesser omentum
1. Hepatogastric ligament (HG)
2. Hepatoduodenal ligament (HD)
48
Function of the hepatogastric ligament
Connect the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
49
Function of the hepatoduodenal ligament
* Connect the liver (porta hepatis) to the duodenum
* Contains the proper hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, common bile duct (portal triad)
50
Spatial relations of the epiploic (omental) foramen (of Winslow)
* **Anterior** = hepatoduodenal ligament (contains portal triad)
* **Posterior** = IVC
* **Superior** = Caudate lobe of liver
* **Inferior** = Duodenum
51
Spatial relations of the lesser sac
* Anterior
* Lesser omentum
* Stomach
* Gastrocolic ligament
* Posterior
* Pancreas
* Left kidney
* Left adrenal gland
* Right
* Epiploic foramen
* Left
* Gastrosplenic ligament
* Lienorenal ligament
52
What does the lienorenal (splenorenal) ligament contain
* Splenic vessels
* Tail of the pancreas
53
What does the gastrosplenic ligament contain
* Short gastric vessels
* Left gastroepiploic vessels
54
Define the falciform ligament
Sickle-shaped ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. Broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold
55
Define the ligamentum teres
A remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetus
56
3 ligaments of the liver
1. Coronary ligament
2. Triangular ligament
3. Falciform ligament
57
Define the urachus
A fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drained bladder of the fetus in the umbilical cord
