Anatomy Lecture Test 1 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is considered the pre embryonic stage
A
The first two weeks
2
Q
What is the embryo stage
A
Week 3-8
3
Q
What qualifies a fetus
A
9th week of gestation to birth
4
Q
When are all the organ systems structured in an embryo
A
Week 9
5
Q
What happens in weeks 1-2 in human development (embryo)
A
Cellular division
Migration
Differentation
Gastrulation
6
Q
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
What would be some signs and symptoms?
A
When a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus. ( usually in the fallopian tube)
Pelvic pain lateral from the midline
7
Q
what is gastrulation?
What are the two types of cells that undergo this?
A
Two cell layers become 3 germ cell layers
epiblast & hypoblast cells
8
Q
What are the three germ cell layers
A
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
9
Q
What structures are derived from the endoderm
A
Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory
Lining of urethra, bladder, and reproductive system
Liver and pancreas
10
Q
What structures are derived from the mesoderm
A
Notochord (vertebrae)
Musculoskeletal system
Circulatory system
Muscular layer of stomach, intestines, etc.
11
Q
What structures are derived from the ectoderm?
A
Epidermis of skin
Cornea and lens of eye
Nervous system
12
Q
What makes up the axial skeleton
A
Skull
Spine
Rib cage
Sacrum
13
Q
What makes up the appendicular skeleton
A
Clavicals
Scapulas
Pelvis
Upper extremity
Lower extremity
14
Q
How many cervical, thoracic,lumber, sacral, and coccyx pieces are there?
A
7
12
5
5- fused
4- fused
15
Q
What parts of the spine have primary curves
A
Thoracic & Sacral
16
Q
What part of the spine has secondary curves?
A
Cervical & Lumbar
17
Q
What are the three types of scoliosis?
A
- Idiopathic adolescent
- Neuromuscular- spinal bifida, CP, MD (muscular dystrophy)
- Congenital
18
Q
Which cervical vertebrae does not have a split spinous process?
A
C7
19
Q
What is the physiology behind a herniated disc?
A
The nucleus pulposus “seeps” out of the anulus fibrous and into the spinal canal.
20
Q
What are the symptoms of a herniated disk?
A
Spine pain
Radiating pain
Muscle weakness
Sensory/sensations changes
21
Q
What is spinal stenosis?
A
Narrowing of spinal foramen
Bone spurs or thickening of ligaments
22
Q
What part of the vertebrae is associated with spondylosis?
A
Pars interarticularis
Aka “Scotty dog”
23
Q
what is spondylosis?
A
Degeneration/ wear and tear of the spine
24
Q
What is spondylosis
A
A fracture without separation
25
What is spondylolisthesis?
A fractured with a separation
(Shift, slide, separate)
26
What happens to nerves during spondylolisthesis
Undergo increased tension
Think leg problems
27
What direction are cervical facets (zygapophysical joints) oriented?
Slanted upwards
28
Which direction are thoracic facets (zygapophysical joints) oriented
Facing backwards
(Spinous process)
29
Which direction are lumbar facets (apophysical joints) oriented?
Facing inward/ each other
30
How is an extrinsic muscle classified?
Interacted by ventral rami of spinal nerves
Moves UE and respiratory
Superficial= UE
Intermediate= respiratory
Bigger/longer
31
How is an intrinsic muscle classified?
Specialized & smaller
Innervated by dorsal rami
Support and move vertebral column
Function to move head
One group can move ribs
Intermediate & deep
32
When is a Blastocoel formed?
End of week 1
32
Which germ layer is the axial skeleton formed from?
Mesoderm
33
What are your primary and secondary spinal curves?
Primary: Thoracic & Sacral
Secondary: Cervical & Lumbar
34
How do you name scoliosis?
direction of convexity of the curve and the spinal region
35
What joint is responsible for a slight head nod?
OA joint- atlanto-occipital joint
36
What joint is responsible for a slight head shake?
AA joint - Atlanto-axial joint
37
What is the center of a vertebral disc called?
Nucleus pulposus
38
What is the outer part of the intervertebral disc called?
Anulus Fibrosus
39
What spinal ligament limited excessive extension?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
40
What spinal ligament limits excessive flexion?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
41
What orientation do cervical facet joints have?
slanted upwards (45º)
42
What orientation do the thoracic facet joints have?
Facing posterior
43
What orientation do the lumbar facet joints have?
facing inward/ themselves
44
What vitamin is important for healthy development of the neural tube and preventing neural tube defects
Folate/ folic acid
45
What germ layer is the neural tube made of
Ectoderm
46
When do tissues begin to differentiate into intervertebral discs, axial skeleton, skeletal muscle, skin and CNS
Around week 4
47
What does the neuroectodermal tissue thicken into?
neural plate
48
What happens to the neural plate when it converges?
Joining of neural plate borders creating the neural chest and neural tube
49
What does the closure of the neural tube do?
separates the neural crest from the epidermis
50
What does the neural crest form?
the PNS
51
What does the notochord degenerate into?
the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
52
What is spina bifida
disorder in which the two sides of vertebral arches fail to fuse
53
What is spina bifida occulta? How common is this defect? What are the symptoms?
defect in vertebral arch of L5 or S1
10-20%
asymptomatic with a tuft of hair (no neuro problems)
54
What is spina bifida meningocele?
large outpouching of the meninges
may contain cerebrospinal fluid
55
What is what is spina bifida myelomeningocele? What are some deficits associated with this?
a portion of the spinal cord outpouches
ambulation issues (walking) & bowel and bladder movement
56
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
57
How many spinal nerves are in each vertebral region?
cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1
58
How do the nerves exit in each vertebral region? Above or below?
Cervical nerve exits above
all other nerves exit below
** C8 exits below C7 above T1**
59
why does it require more movement to feel thoracic nerve symptoms vs lumbar nerve symptoms?
difference in space between discs
60
What are ventral nerve roots responsible for? Whats the exception?
Motor
suboccipitals (Dorsal rami C1)
61
What are dorsal nerve roots responsible for?
Sensory
62
What are ventral rami responsible for?
innervate ventral body wall, extrinsic back, and all limbs
63
What are dorsal rami responsible for?
Innervate skin and deep muscles of back
64
What actions are C5 responsible for?
Shoulder Flexion
Shoulder Abduction
Shoulder Scaption
Shoulder External Rotation
65
What movements are C6, C7, and C8 responsible for?
Extension
adduction
internal rotation
66
Where does the spinal cord turn into the "horse tail" and what is it called?
Cauda Equina @ L1/L2
67
Where does the spinal dural sac terminate?
S2 ( nerves continue uncovered)
68
What are the different spinal meninges and their correlating spaces?
Pia mater (closest to spinal cord)
subarachnoid space- *cerebral spinal fluid*
Arachnoid mater
Subdural space
Dura mater
Epidural space
69
Whats a common clinical correlation of a tight pec minor?
"pseudo" Inferior angle winging
70
What suboccipital muscles rock and tilt the head into extension?
Rectus Capitis posterior Major
Rectus Capitis posterior Minor
Obliquus capitis superior
71
What suboccipital muscles rotate the head ipsilaterally?
Rectus capitis Posterior major
Rectus Capitis posterior minor
obliquus capitis inferior
72
What suboccipital muscles laterally flex the head (ipsilaterally)
Obliquus capitis superior
73
What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle
Posterior OA membrane and posterior arch of vertebra
74
what is the roof of the suboccipital triangle
semispinalis capitis
75
If your head rotates to the left, what muscles are creating that movement?
Right:
Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Upper trapezius
Left:
Obliquus capitis inferior
Rectus capitis posterior Major & Minor
Longissimus capitis
Splenius capitis
76
What does a broken hyoid bone indicate?
strangulation
77
Is there a disc between C1 and occiput?
naur
78
Is there a disc between C1 & C2?
nope
79
What is torticollis? What does it cause in infants (position)?
spasm of the CSM
characterized by the head being side bent with contralateral rotation
80
What is torticollis called when it is present in adults?
spasmodic torticollis
81
What are the four suprahyoid muscles
mylohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
82
What are the four infrahyoid muscles
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
83
What muscles make up the anterior cervical triangle
anterior- median line of the neck
posterior- anterior border of SCM
superior boundary- inferior border of the mandible
roof- platysma
floor- pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland
84
Name all four triangles WITHIN the anterior cervical triangle
submandibular triangle
submental triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle
85
What muscles create the carotid triangle?
superior belly of omohyoid
posterior belly of digastric
Anterior belly of SCM
86
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
Common Carotid Artery
Internal jugular Vein
87
What is the carotid sinus responsible for?
Baroreceptor : monitors blood pressure
88
What is the carotid body responsible for?
monitors/checkpoint for chemicals in blood going to the brain
89
What vertebral level would the hyoid bone be located
C3/C4 split
90
What vertebral level would the thyroid cartilage be located?
C5/C6
91
What vertebral level would the carotid sinus and carotid body be located? This is also the same level it spits at.
C3/C4 * mostly C4
92
What are the margins of the Lateral cervical triangle?
anterior: posterior border of SCM
posterior: anterior border of trapezius
inferior: middle third of the clavicle between the trapezius and the SCM
93
When you have cervical disc surgery, what structures are moved to gain access to the vertebrae
esophagus, trachea, arteries
94
What spinal nerves does the phrenic nerve branch from?
C3-C5
* 345 keep you alive*
95
CN XI Lesion- Palsy causes what muscular changes?
Accessory nerve being cut means that the trapezius is no longer innervated and will atrophy.
96
If CNXI is cut, which muscle is left to upwardly rotate the scapula?
Serratus Anterior
97
How many pairs of ribs do we have?
12
98
What are the regions of the ribs?
True ribs: 1-7
False ribs: 8-10
Floating ribs: 11-12
99
What vertebra level is the superior angle of the scapula?
T2
100
what vertebra level is the root of the spine of the scapula?
T3
101
That vertebra level is the inferior angle of the scapula
T7
102
what is the trunk dermatone for the axilla
T2
103
What is the trunk dermatone for the nipple
T4
104
What is the trunk dermatome for the xiphoid process
T6
105
What is the trunk dermatome for the umbilicus?
T10
106
What structures pass through the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava (T8)
Esophagus and vagus nerve (T10)
Aorta and thoracic duct (T12)
107
What order do the 3 structures that pass through the diaphragm go in from anterior to posterior
IVC, Esophagus, Aorta
108
What order do the 3 structures that pass through the diaphragm go in from right to left
IVC, Esophagus, Aorta
109
What are the four quadrants of the torso
Upper right
lower right
upper left
lower left
110
What are the nine regions of the abdomen
R.hypochondriac, Epigastric, L. Hypochondriac
R. Lumbar, Umbilical, L. Lumbar
R. Iliac, hypogastric, L. Iliac
