Anatomy - Lungs & Pleurae

Question 1

What forms the Adam’s apple / thyroid prominence / laryngeal prominence?

Answer 1

2 thyroid cartilages which come to merge in the midline

Important in examination

Question 2

Where do the vocal cords lie?

Answer 2

Posterior to the thyroid cartilage

Question 3

What does the cricoid cartilage surround?

Answer 3

Ring of cartilage that surrounds the trachea

Question 4

What is function of cricoid cartilage?

Answer 4

Provides support and keeps it open

Question 5

What shape is the cricoid cartilage? Why is it this shape?

Answer 5

C-shaped

Because just posterior there is the oesophagus so when we swallow the food pipe distends and can encroach onto the trachea.

Question 6

What muscle is found on posterior aspect of trachea?

Answer 6

Trachealis

Question 7

Where can emergency access to airway in neck be found?

What is this membrane called?

Answer 7

Between thyroid and cricoid cartilage there is membrane

Cricothryoid membrane

Question 8

Describe difference in appearance between left and right bronchi

Answer 8

Right bronchus is broader and more vertical compared to left

Question 9

Which lung is foreign bodies more likely to enter? Why?

Answer 9

Right lung (due to shape of right bronchus)

Question 10

What is the larynx continuous with?

Answer 10

Trachea

Question 11

What is the larynx?

Answer 11

The passageway for air between the pharynx above and the trachea below

Question 12

What is air conditioned by after entering nasal/oral cavity? What type of flow does this produce?

Answer 12

Nasal conchae

turbulent flow

Question 13

Where does air enter after passing through nasal conchae?

Answer 13

1. Nasopharnyx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
4. Trachea
5. 1ary bronchi

Question 14

What is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 14

Is where number of structures enter and leave the lung itself (e.g. bronchi)

Question 15

What blood do pulmonary arteries carry?

Answer 15

Deoxy

Question 16

What blood do pulmonary veins carry?

Answer 16

Oxy

Question 17

Where does apex of lung project?

Answer 17

Projects 2-3cm superior to clavicle

Question 18

What comprises the root of the lung?

Answer 18

Comprised of primary bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.

Question 19

Where is the root of the lung located?

Answer 19

Located at the hilum of each lung

Question 20

What angle is at T4/T5?

Answer 20

Sternal angle

Question 21

What is vertebral level T4/T5?

Answer 21

A transverse plane that passes through the sternal angle on the anterior chest wall and the intervertebral disc of T4-T5.

Question 22

What is found at T4/T5 level?

Answer 22

1. Trachea bifurcates
2. Arch of aortal begins and ends (at the transverse plane between the sternal angle anteriorly and the vertebral level of T4-T5 posteriorly)
3. Pulmonary trunk bifurcates to form right and left pulmonary arteries (going toward lung)

Question 23

Describe difference between shape of right and left lung

Answer 23

• Right lung is shorter and broader than left
• Right lung has 3 lobes split by fissures (oblique, horizontal)
• Left lung has 2 lobes (oblique fissure)

Question 24

What is this difference between shape of lungs due to?

Answer 24

Presence of heart

Question 25

What does the oblique fissure separate?

Answer 25

separates upper lobe from lower lobe

Question 26

What does horizontal fissure separate?

Answer 26

separates right lung into upper, middle and lower lobe

Question 27

What is the lingula of the lung?

Answer 27

Left lung - where middle lobe would have formed but doesn’t continue to develop refers to the tip or tongue-like projection of the upper lobe of the left lung

Question 28

What impressions are found on the left lung?

Answer 28

Cardiac impression Aorta impression

Question 29

What is the pulmonary ligament of the lung?

Answer 29

Slight extension of hilum at interior aspect. Is a reflection of mediastinal parietal pleura below the lung root on each side

Question 30

Where is parietal pleura?

Answer 30

Sticks to inner surface of body wall.

Question 31

Where is visceral pleura?

Answer 31

Around lung

Question 32

Where is pleural fluid found?

Answer 32

Between 2 layers of pleura

Question 33

What is function of pleural fluid?

Answer 33

Important in creating surface tension between layers of pleura. Allows changes in shape of thoracic cage to be conformed to the lung (changes size of lung and pressures).

Question 34

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 34

Potential space in pleura cavity in which lung can expand during forced inspiration

Question 35

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess found?

Answer 35

a potential space in the pleural cavity, at the posterior-most tips of the cavity, located at the junction of the costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura

Question 36

What is effect of increased sympathetic activity on heart rate?

Answer 36

Increased

Question 37

What is effect of increased parasympathetic activity on heart rate?

Answer 37

Descreased

Question 38

What provides parasympathetic innervation to heart/lungs/digestive tract?

Answer 38

Vagus nerve

Question 39

Where does vagus nerve originate?

Answer 39

Is the tenth cranial nerve that from the medulla of the brainstem

Question 40

Which vagus nerve innervates the SA node?

Answer 40

Right

Question 41

What provides sympathetic innervation to structures in thorax?

Answer 41

Sympathetic chain

Question 42

Where does sympathetic chain reside?

Answer 42

Either side of vertebrae