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physiology > anatomy (midterm 2) > Flashcards

anatomy (midterm 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of bone?

A

-support and protection
-movement
-storage of mineral and energy preserves
-hematopoiesis

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2
Q

what are the five connective tissue of bones?

A

-bone
-blood
-cartilage
-fat(loose adipose)
-ligaments and tendons(mostly dense regular)

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3
Q

what are the 4 bone classifications?

A

-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones

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4
Q

what do flat bones consist of?

A

flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone that is packed in between two thin layers of compact bone

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5
Q

what are the major 2 components of bone?

A

compact bone (external surface)
spongy bone(internal surface)

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6
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A

-knobby and enlarged structures found at the end of long bones
-strengthens joints
-attachment sites for tendons and ligaments

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7
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

elongated, cylindrical shaft of long bones

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8
Q

what is the metaphysis?

A

region between diaphysis and epiphysis
-contains the epiphyseal(growth plate)

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9
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

connective tissue that covers the external surfaces of bones
-acts as an anchor for blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

covers most internal surfaces of bones

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11
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells

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12
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

cells that build the bone

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13
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

detect mechanical stress on a bone

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14
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

bone dissolvers, release Ca+

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15
Q

what is a tuberosity?

A

large rounded projection, may be roughened

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16
Q

what is a crest?

A

narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

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17
Q

what is a trochanter?

A

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only on the femur)

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18
Q

what is a line?

A

narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

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19
Q

what is a tubercle?

A

small rounded projection or process

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20
Q

what is a epicondyle?

A

raised area on or above a condyle

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21
Q

what is a spine?

A

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

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22
Q

what is a process?

A

any bone prominence

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23
Q

what is a head?

A

bony expansion on a narrow neck

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24
Q

what is a faucet?

A

smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface

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25
what is a condyle?
rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding faucet
26
what is a fissure?
narrow, slit like, opening
27
what is a foramen?
round or oval opening through a bone
28
what is a meatus?
channel-like passageway
29
what is a fossa?
shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
30
what is the appendicular skeleton?
upper and lower limbs
31
what are girdles?
bones which attach these limbs to the axial skeleton
32
what makes up the pectoral girdle and what does it do?
-comprised of the scapula and the clavical -articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs
33
what does the clavicle articulate with?
the scapula and the sternum
34
what are the main parts of the scapula?
glenoid cavity:articulates with the humerus posterior bony ridge=spine lateral=acromion process anterior projection=caracoid process
35
what is the upper limb made up of?
humerus(brachium) radius and ulna(antebrachium) -carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
36
what are the humerus proximal features?
head:articulates with the scapula greater tubercle:form the rounded shoulder contour intertubercular sulcus: passage of biceps, brachii tendon, and muscle attachment
37
what are the humerus distal features?
-deltoid tuberosity -medial and lateral epicondyle
38
what are the main parts of the radius?
head:articulates with the humerus radial tuberosity:attachment of biceps brachii styloid process:lateral wrist bump
39
what are the main parts of the ulna?
olecranon:forms the elbow bump, attachments of triceps brachii styloid process:posterial medial wrist bump
40
how many bones are in the carpals?
8
41
explain how the metacarpals are numbered?
labeled lateral to medial, (I-V)
42
how many phalanges are their in each hand?
14
43
what does the pelvis consist of?
the right and left oscoxae and the sacrum
44
what does the oscoxae articulate with?
1.anteriorly with the other oscoxae 2.posteriorly with the sacrum 3.laterally with the femur
45
what are the main parts of the oscoxae?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
46
what are the main features of the ilium?
iliac crest: along superior border iliac spines: (anterior/posterior, superior/inferior) projections along iliac crest muscle attachments
47
what are the ischium features?
ischial tuberosity: supports weight of body when seated; origin for deep gluteal muscles and hamstrings
48
what are the pubis features?
makes up the anterior, inferior region of oscoxae
49
what are the proximal features of the femur?
head: articulates with the right and left oscoxae neck:allows movement of the femur(range of motion) greater and lesser trochanters:muscle attachment gluteal tuberosity: posterior rough region(attachment of gluteal muscle)
50
what are the distal features of the femur?
medial and lateral condyles:both articulate with tibia
51
is the tibia or fibula medial?
tibia
52
what connects the tibia and fibula?
interosseour membrane (webbing)
53
what are the features of the tibia?
medial and lateral condyles:articulate with the condyles of the femur tibial tuberosity:anterior, inferior to condyle, muscle attachment medial malleolus: medial bump on the ankle
54
what is the purpose of the fibula?
does not bare any weight, only for lateral stability to ankle
55
how many tarsals are in the foot?
7 ankle bones
56
how many metatarsals are in the foot?
5
57
how many phalanges are in the foot and how are they numbered?
14 phalanges numbered medial to lateral (I-V)
58
how many cranial and facial bones are there?
8 cranial bones (direct contact with brain) 14 facial bones (no contact with brain)
59
what are the features of the cranial bones?
-attachment of meninges and muscles -chambers -housing glands -articulation sites
60
what are the processes of the temporal bone?
styloid process:attachment for muscles of tongue and larynx zygomatic process:joins zygomatic bone mandibular fossa:articulates with mandible external acoustic meatus: opening to auditory canal
61
what are the features of the occipital bone?
occipital condyles:articulate with vertebrae foramen magnum: passage of the spinal cord
62
what are the 4 sutures in the cranium?
coronal: between frontal and parietal bones sagittal: between parietal bones lambdoid: between occipital and parietal bones squamous: between parietal and temporal bones
63
what are the features of the sphenoid bone?
-articulates with all cranial bones sella turcica: houses the pituitary gland, helps form sphenoid sinuses
64
what are the features of the ethmoid bone?
crista galli: helps support brain perpendicular plate: forms inner superior architecture of the nose ethmoidal sinuses: open into nasal cavity
65
what are the functions of the bones of the face?
-shape the face -form part of orbital and nasal cavities -support the teeth -muscle attachment
66
what are the zygomatic bones and what do they articulate with?
-cheekbones -articulate with temporal and frontal bone
67
what are the palatine and vomer bones?
vomer: triangular shape, helps form nasal septum palatine:2 L-shaped bones that form part of the nasal cavity, hard palates, eye orbits
68
what are paranasal sinuses?
are filled spaces in skull bones around nasal cavity for: -mucous lining humidifies and warms inhaled air -lightens skull -resonant chambers for sound production while speaking
69
what is the hyoid bone?
located between the mandible and larynx "floating" -primarily for muscle attachments
70
what are the cervical vertebrae functions and how many bones are there?
-generally smaller and used for movement -7 bones form neck
71
what are the thoracic vertebrae functions and how many bones are there?
-medium sized, costal facets on body and transverse process (articulates for ribs and protection) -12 bones form back
72
what are the lumbar vertebrae functions and how many bones?
-large to support more body weight -5 bones
73
what are the features of the individual vertebrae?
-vertebral arch and body form vertebral foramen(passage of spinal cord) -spinous process: projects posteriorly -transverse process: lateral projections
74
what are the first two vertebrae and what do they do?
C1=atlas (articulate with occipital condyles) C2=axis(allows for rotation of skull)
75
how many bones does the sacrum vertebrae have?
5 vertebrae fused into 1
76
how many bones are in the coccyx?
(tailbone) -4 bones fused into 1
77
what is the purpose of the thoracic cage?
protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organs
78
what are the three types of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
79
what is synarthrosis?
immobile
80
what is amphiarthrosis?
slightly mobile
81
what is diarthrosis?
freely mobile
82
what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
-gomphoses:teeth (synarthrosis) -sutures:between skull bones (synarthrosis) -syndesmoses:between parallel bones in forearm and leg (amphiarthrosis)
83
what are the two cartilaginous joints?
-synchondroses:bones joined by hyaline (synarthrosis) -symphyses:bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (amphiarthroses)
84
what are synovial joints?
-diarthroses -articulating bones seperated by a joint cavity -surrounded by articular capsule
85
what are the main structures of synovial joints?
-articular cartilage -joint cavity -synovial fluid -ligaments -sensory nerves -blood vessels
86
what are the accessory structures of synovial joints?
-bursae(sacs outside most synovial joints) -tendon sheaths(elongated bursae around tendons) -fat pads(provide protection)
87
what are the 6 classifications of synovial joints?
-plane -hinge -pivot -condylar -saddle -ball and socket
88
what are the 4 types of movement?
-gliding motion -angular motion -rotational motion -special movements
89
what are the types of angular motions?
-flexion (decreasing the angle) -extension (increasing the angle to normal) -hyperextension (increasing the angle beyond normal) -abduction (moving limb away from the midline) -adduction ( moving limb toward the midline) -circumduction (moving limb in circular motion)

physiology (4 decks)

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