Anatomy & Movement Flashcards
(92 cards)
0
Q
Describe the Appendicular skeleton
A
Helps us perform locomotor tasks. Body parts that are attached to the axial skeleton. (Appendages) Consists of: -clavicle -scapula -humerus -ulna -femur -radius -patella Etc.
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Q
Describe the Axial Skeleton
A
Protects and supports vital organs. Consists of:
- skull
- sternum
- ribs
- vertebral column
- coax
- coccyx
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Q
State the four types of bones
A
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
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Q
Characterize a long bone
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Strong, large, curved, wide
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Q
Characterize a short bone
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Short, spongey, cube shaped
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Q
Characterize a flat bone
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Thin, flat, broad
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Q
Characterize an irregular bone
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Any bone that does not fit in any of the other 3 categories
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Q
Define epiphysis
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Ends of a long bone, where it connects to another bone
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Q
Diaphysis
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Long, shaft of the bone (strength)
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Q
Medullary cavity
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Hollow middle of diaphysis, holds bone marrow
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Q
Bone marrow
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Blood cell production occurs here, also fat storage
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Q
Articular cartilage
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Outer surface of epiphysis, decreases friction in the joints
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Q
Nutrient foramen
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Opening to blood vessel passageways
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Q
Endosteum
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Lining of the inner cavity. Heals any fractures
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Q
Periosteum
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Outer lining, protects against injury
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Q
Inferior
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Nearer to the feet. A structure below another
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Q
Superior
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Nearer to the head, a structure above another
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Q
Proximal
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Nearer to the trunk, closer to the point of attachment on the body than another structure.
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Q
Distal
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Farther away from the trunk, farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
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Q
Medial
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Nearer to the medial plane, towards the midline of the body
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Q
Lateral
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Farther from the medial plane, away from the midline of the body
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Q
Posterior
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Nearer to the back, the back of the body
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Q
Anterior
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Nearer to the front, the front of the body
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Q
Outline the functions of connective tissue
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Cartilage- support and cushioning. Found between discs of vertebrae, surrounding ends of joints and in nose and ears
Ligament- connective tissue attaching two or more bones together
Tendon- attaches muscle to bone
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Joint
Where two or more bones meet
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Fibrous joint
Connections between bones, held by fibrous connective tissue, includes collagen fibers. No movement permitted.
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Cartiligous joint
Covered in cartilage, allows some movement between bones.
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Synovial joint
Most common. Allows lots of movement. Has a layer of fibrocartilage and lubricating synovial fluid
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Articular cartilage
White, smooth tissues found on the ends of bones. Makes it easier for bones to glide over each other and reduces friction
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Synovial membrane
Surrounds freely moving joints (shoulder, elbow, knee) secretes synovial fluid to lubricate to make movement easier
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Synovial fluid
Found in joints along with the membrane, lubricates, makes movement easier, nourishes the joint. Consistency of an egg.
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Bursae
Small, fluid filled sac lined with synovial membrane. Provides cushioning between bones and tendons in the joint. Reduces friction. Filled with synovial fluid
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Articulate capsule
Joint capsule enclosing the cavity of a synovial joint
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List types of synovial joints
Hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, pivot, gliding, saddle
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Hinge joint
Allows flexion and extension. (Elbow, knee)
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Ball and socket joint
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal and external rotation (shoulder, hip)
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Condyloid joint
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction (wrist)
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Pivot joint
Allows rotation of one bone around another (top of neck)
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Gliding joint
Allows gliding movements (inter carpal joints)
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Saddle joint
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction (CMC joint in thumb)
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Characteristics of muscle tissue
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Contractibility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Atrophy/hypertrophy
Excitability
Controlled by nerve stimuli
Fed by capillaries
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Types of muscle
Smooth, cardiac, skeletal
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Describe smooth muscle
Regulates size of organs, force fluids through tubes etc. tapered at each end, not striated. Found in hollow organs such as the stomach and large intestine.
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Describe cardiac muscle
Pumps blood under involuntary control. Cylindrical and striated. Found in the heart.
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Describe skeletal muscle
40% of animal body weight. Moves the body under voluntary control. Striated cells or fibers. Attached to bone or other connective tissue
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Fascia
Type of connective tissue found in muscles. There are three types. Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium.
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Epimysium
Outer layer that covers the entire muscle
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Perimysium
Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers. Long, cylindrical and vary in shape
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Endomysium
Layer of fascia that surrounds the individual muscle fibers
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Myofibrils
Light and dark bands give muscle the striated appearance. Individual bands are called sacromeres which contain proteins actin and myosin.
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Origin of a muscle
Fixed end or head. Most stationary end of a muscle. Most often the proximal attachment.
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Insertion of a muscle
Mobile end of a muscle undergoing the greatest amount of movement. Usually more distal.
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Cell body
Contained within the spinal column and contains nucleus
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Dendrites
Branch off the cell body and allow for communication between other neurons
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Nucleus
Centre of the cell body, and contains all info for the cell
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Axon
Main component of signal transmission. Carries signal from cell body to the muscle.
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Motor end plate
Neuromuscular junction where the neuron joins the muscle fibre
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Synapse
Gap between the neuron and muscle fiber in which a neurotransmission travels and stimulates muscle
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Myelin sheath
Protein cover which protects and insulates the axon
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Explain the role of neurotransmitters in stimulating skeletal muscle contraction
Acetylcholine triggers a chain reaction that eventually results in the exposure of the binding sites of the actin.
Choline stressed removed the acetylcholine once the action potential signal is gone, so the binding sites are no longer exposed and the muscle can no longer contract.
60
Explain the sliding filament theory
1) electrical signal travels to end of motor end plate, triggering release of acetylcholine into synapse
2) acetylcholine causes a signal called an action potential to be sent along the muscle fibers
3) action potential travels down the T tubules towards the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggering the release of Calcium ions
4) Calcium ions attach to Troponin on the actin moving the tropomyosin and exposing the binding site
5) adenosine triposphate (ATP) on the myosin heads are chemically broken down to adenosine diphosphate producing energy for myosin to attach and pull the actin.
6) myosin heads release from actin, ATP reattaches and the process continues as long as the electrical signal is present
7) during contraction the Z-lines are pulled closer together, making the H-zone smaller until it disappears as the actin overlaps. A-bands remain the same length throughout contraction.
8) once electrical signal is not longer present, acetylcholine is removed by cholinesterase, calcium is returned to sarcoplasmic reticulum and myosin heads return to resting state away from the actin.
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Slow twitch muscle fibers (type 1)
- More efficient at using oxygen
- Continuous muscle contractions over an extended period of time
- Can keep going for a long time before they fatigue since they fire slower than other types
- good for endurance athletes
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Fast twitch muscle fibers (type 2a)
- uses aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to create energy
- combo of type 1 and type 2
- good for short bursts of activity (explosive burst of power)
- stop and go sports
- maximum output activities (weightlifting, track and field events)
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Fast twitch muscle fibers (type 2b)
- most fatiguable
- can generate the most power/force
- contractions last about 7.5 milliseconds
- burst of power in short amount of time
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Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
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Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
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Flexion
The bending of a joint or limb
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Extension
Bringing a limb into a straight position
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Rotation
The process of turning around an axis
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Medial rotation
Turning towards the midline of the body
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Lateral rotation
Turning away from the midline of the body
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Circumduction
Movement of the body part in a circular direction/motion
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Elevation
The act of lifting a body part up
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Depression
The lowering of a body part
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Eversion
The sole of the foot turns away from the midline of the body
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Inversion
The sole of the foot turns inwards towards the midline of the body
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Plantar flexion
Movement of the foot that flexes foot or toes downwards
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Dorsi flexion
Flexion towards the back, bringing top of foot towards leg
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Supination
To turn or rotate the arm outward so that the palm is facing up; to turn or rotate the foot by adduction and inversion so the outer edge of the sole bears all of the body's weight
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Pronation
To turn or rotate the arm inward so that the palm is facing downward; to turn or rotate the foot by adduction and Eversion so the inner edge of the sole bears all of the body weight
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Isotonic contractions
Same tension or same force
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Concentric contractions
Those which cause the muscle to shorten as it contracts. The ends of the muscle are drawn together.
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Eccentric contractions
Opposite of concentric. The muscle lengthens as it contracts. Lower oxygen cost than concentric.
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Isometric contractions
No change in length of contracting muscle. (Planks)
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Isokinetic contractions
Muscle changes length during contraction, however they produce movements at a constant speed. Very rare, used in rehab mostly.
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Agonist
Muscle that shortens causing movement in the joint (prime mover)
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Antagonist
The muscle that relaxes in response to the agonist. Acting in opposition to the agonist.
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Reciprocal inhibition
One muscle is contracting, the muscle with the opposing action relaxes. Controlled by the nervous system.
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Analyse movements in relation to joint action and muscle contraction
1) bicep curl- elbow flexion, bicep brachii concentric contraction, tricep brachii eccentric relaxation
2) lunge (downward)- flexion of knee and hip, quadriceps eccentrically contract, hamstrings concentrically relax
3) kicking a ball- LOAD: hip adduction and extension, knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion, hamstring concentric contraction, quads eccentrically relax.
CONTACT: hip adduction, knee extension, ankle plantar flexion, quads concentric contraction, hamstrings eccentric relaxation
FOLLOW THROUGH: hip flexion, knee extension, ankle plantar flexion
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What is Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness? (DOMS)
When muscles are sore or stiff 1+ days after exercise. Microscopic tearing of muscle fibers and swelling. Adaptation process our bodies go through when exercise is increased, or just started.
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Do types of muscle contractions effect DOMS?
Eccentric muscle contractions cause the most soreness, because they produce more force.
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How to deal avoid/deal with DOMS
- warm up/cool down
- gradually increase time and intensity
- gentle stretching
- low impact aerobics to cool down
- sports massage
- yoga/gentle stretching
- anti-inflammatories (aspirin, ibuprofen)
