Anatomy + Movement Analysis Flashcards by Holly Tomlinson

When might the level of stability decrease in terms of height of the centre of mass

Higher centre of mass = ⬇️ stability

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What 4 biomechanical factors will determine the ability of an athlete to remain in neutral equilibrium

Height of the centre of mass

Position of line of gravity

Area of support base

Mass of performer

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Define weight

Force that gravity exerts on a mass

Vector quantity

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Define mass

Quantity of matter a body possesses

Scalar quantity

(Kg)

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When is the lever at a mechanical advantage in terms of range of movement

When resistance arm is longer than effort arm

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When is the lever at a mechanical disadvantage in terms of strength

When resistance arm is longer than effort arm

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How do you calculate mechanical advantage

Effort arm / resistance arm

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Which lever is good for producing a wide range of movement

Give examples

3rd class

I.e flexion of knee + hip when running

Horizontal adduction of the shoulder hitting a forehand in tennis

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What lever is best for generating force that magnified strength?

Give examples

2nd

I.e plantar flexion of the ankle during long jump take off - Agonist = gastrocnemius

Dive in swimming

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Which Lever is good for producing speed?

Give an example

1st class

I.e extension of the elbow during shot put - agonist = triceps branchii

Triceps pull down

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What is the rhyme to remember the levers

1 2 3 = F R E

Shows which element is situated in the middle of each particular system

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What joint action is the supination

Transverse

Motion of palms facing upwards

Also possible at the ankle

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What joint action is pronation

In the transverse plane

Motion of palms facing downwards

Also possible at the ankle

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What 4 joint actions can occur in multiple planes or axis

Rotation

Pronation

Supination

Circumduction

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From a starting position of 90° of shoulder flexion, what is horizontal adduction movement of the arm

Forward and inward

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From a starting position of 90° of shoulder flexion, what is horizontal abduction movement of the arm

Backward and outward

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What joint actions are there in the transverse plane and around the longitudinal axis

Horizontal abduction and adduction

Both can occur at the shoulder

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Define lateral flexion

Sideways movement at spine combined with abduction when completing a cartwheel

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What joint actions do the frontal plane and around frontal axis support

Abduction and adduction

Lateral flexion

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What joint actions are there I. The sagittal plane and around the transverse axis

Flexion and extension

Incl plantar and Dorsi

Shoulder and hip can hyperextend (joint increase beyond 180°)

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Which planes and axis work together

Sagittal plane and transverse axis

Frontal plane and frontal axis

Transverse plane and longitudinal axis

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What are the 3 axes of movement

Longitudinal

frontal

Transverse

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What are the 3 planes of movement

Frontal

Sagittal

Transverse

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Define isometric contractions

Muscle remains the same length but it still producing force

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Define isotonic eccentric

When muscle lengthens under tension Body is fighting gravity, movement is often downwards

Define isotonic concentric

Muscle shortens under tension

What are the muscles called that stabilise the joint during move to in antagonistic pairs

The fixators

What are the muscles called that aid the agonist in antagonist muscle actions

Synergist muscles

What is the point called in which the muscle pulls on the bone to cause movement

Insertion

What is the point called where the end of the muscle is fixed to a bone

Origin

What happens to the antagonist pairs during an isotonic eccentric contraction?

The agonist switches

A performer completes a press up At the elbow, what is the Articulating bones Main agonist Type of contraction Of the movement from holding at the top of a press up positions and moving down

Articulating bones = humerus, ulna and radius Main agonist = tricep brachii Type of contraction = isotonic eccentric

List the basic structure of a muscle zooming in

Tendons / Muscle Blood vessels + nerves Fascicles (bundles of muscle fibres) surrounded by connective tissues 1 muscle fibre Myofibril

List the 4 functions of skeletal muscle

Movement Support Posture Heat production

What is the structure and range of movement for the ball and socket joint

TRIAXIAL Back + forth Side to side Rotational

What is the structure and range of movement for the saddle joint

BIAXIAL Back + forth Side to side

What is the structure and range of movement for the gliding joint

BIAXIAL Back + forth Side to side

What is the structure and range of movement for the ellipsoid / condyloid joint?

BIAXIAL Back + forth Side to side

What is the structure and range of movement for the pivot joint

UNIAXIAL Rotation only

What is the structure and range of movement for the hinge joint?

UNIAXIAL Back + forth movement only

List the 6 types of synovial joint

Hinge (elbow) Pivot (atlas + axis) Ellipsoid / Condyloid (wrist) Gliding (tarsus) Saddle (thumb) Ball + socket (shoulder, hip)

What range does the synovial joint have

Wide range of movement Vital for sporting activity

What range does the cartilaginous joint have

Rigid but slightly moveable

What range does the fibrous/fixed joint have

No observable movement

What are the 3 types of joint

Fibrous / fixed (Cranium) Cartilaginous (vertebrae) Synovial (knee, elbow, shoulder)

Define articular (hyaline) cartilage

High proportion of collagen Ossifies in foetus but stays as the articular cartilage in adults. Perichondrium (fibrous coat of connective tissue) surrounds it. - Joining ribs to sternum - articular cartilage at ends of bones = ⬇️ friction at joint Exercise thickens this

Define white fibrocartilage

Makes intervertebral discs and ligaments Strongest = Collagen is organised in dense fibres so has greater tensile strength Fibres are arranged in the direction of stress. Can act as a shock absorber i.e knee meniscus

Define yellow elastic cartilage

Flexible tissue Intermediate in strength Chondrocytes are surrounded by collagen + a network of fibres made of elastin. i.e Ear pinna + Epiglottis

WHat are the 3 types of cartilage

Yellow elastic White fibrocartilage Articular (hyaline)

Define the cartilage

Firm matrix of connective tissue w/ no blood supply

Define the tendons

Attach muscle to bone strong. elastic collagen tissues Transmit force to cause movement

Define the ligaments

Attach bone to bone Strong fibrous tissue Stabilises joints to allow specific movement

What are the 3 soft tissues

Ligaments Tendons Cartilage

Define sesamoid bones

Small, oval bones in tendons Designed for injury prevention i.e patella

Define flat bones

Smooth, even surface designed for muscle attachment + protection of organs i.e Cranium + ribs

Define irregular bones

Complex shape Designed for protection + multiple muscle attachments i.e pelvic girdle

Define short bones

Compact shape + designed for weight bearing i.e tarsals

Define long bones

Cylindrical shapes Found in limbs + act as levers for movement i.e femur

What are the 5 types of bone

Long Short Irregular Flat Sesamoid

What 2 sections is the skeleton split into

Axial (vertebral column, rib cage + cranium) Appendicular (should + hip girdle, arms and legs = supported by the axial skeleton)

List the 5 functions of the skeleton

Protection Support Movement Blood production Mineral storage

Define force

Changes a body state of motion (N)

Define inertia

Resistance of a body to a change in state of motion.

What happens as soon as an object or body overcomes inertia?

It has momentum

Define momentum

Amount of motion a body possesses.

Define Newtons 1st law of Motion

Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state until acted upon by an external force. Known as the law of inertia.

Define Newtons 2nd law of motion

The acceleration of an object or body of constant mass is directly proportional to the force acting on it. Known as the law of acceleration F = m x a

Define Newtons 3rd law of motion

For every action there's an equal + opposite reaction Known as the law of reaction. Most common application = Person's body weight (⬇️ force) causes a Ground reaction force (force ⬆️).

How do you calculate momentum?

Mass x velocity

Define impulse

Force x time = Length of time the force is applied and is equal to the change of momentum

Define impact

High force or shock applied over a short time period when 2 bodies collide.

When analysing techniques what areas must you discuss

Joint analysis = i.e shoulder joint (ball + socket) Movement types = i.e extension at elbow + wrist Muscle action = i.e flexion by bicep brachii Newtons laws Power/strength...

Anatomy + Movement Analysis Flashcards

(72 cards)