Anatomy- Nervous System Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
4 regions of the brain
A
Cerebral hemisphere
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
2
Q
Cerebral hemisphere
A
-includes more than half of the brain mass
-speech, memory, logic, emotional response, consciousness, interpretation of sensation (hot, cold, soft, sharp) voluntary movement
- paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
2
Q
Diencephalon
A
only part you can’t see; internal
- enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres-would have to cut open sagital
2
Q
Cerebellum
A
back part, smaller brain on the dorsal inferior portion
2
Q
White Matter vs grey matter
A
White matter is for transportation while grey matter (cortex of the brain) is where we are transporting to
2
Q
gyri
A
-in the cerebral hemisphere
- allow for increased connection
3
Q
sulci
A
- in the cerebral hemisphere
- indentions that allow th gyri to be created
3
Q
Lobes of the Cerebellum
A
Frontal- right and left
Parietal- right and left
Occipital
Temporal- right and left
3
Q
what divides the cerebrum into lobes?
A
fissures
4
Q
longitudinal fissure
A
right and left hemispheres
5
Q
somatic sensory area
A
- specialized area of the cerebrum
- receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors (sense pain) (parietal lobe), not special sense, just posterior to central sulcus
- left side of sensory cortex receives impulses
6
Q
primary motor area
A
- specialized area of the cerebrum
- sends impulses to skeletal muscles (frontal lobe-anterior to central sulcus “precentral gyrus”)
7
Q
Broca’s area
A
- specialized area of the cerebrum
- involved in our ability to speak
(frontal)
8
Q
Gustatory area
A
- taste
- parietal lobe near the central gyrus
9
Q
visual
A
occipital lobe, back
10
Q
auditory
A
temporal lobe, hearing
near hippocampus
11
Q
olfatory area
A
deep temporal lobe, smell
near hippocampus
12
Q
frontal lobe
A
socially acceptable behavior, anterior, part of frontal lobes
13
Q
complex memories
A
temporal/frontal (hypo)
14
Q
speech/language region
A
junction of temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes
15
Q
language comprehension-
A
frontal
16
Q
Layers of the cerebrum: Gray matter
A
-outer matter (cerebral cortex)
- composed mostly of neuron cel bodies
- basal nucelli ganglia- gray matter w/ white matter that modify, sent to skeletal muscles
17
Q
-basal nucelli ganglia
A
gray matter w/ white matter that modify, sent to skeletal muscles
18
Q
how are Parkinson and huntingtins caused:
A
issue with lacking dopamine, nucleus slows inherited, uncontrolled movements, mental loss
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Layers of the cerebrum: white matter
-fiber tracts inside gray matter
- coated in white fat which allows an impulse to travel 60 times as fast as if it was not myelinated. Carry impulse to and from cortex
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Layers of the cerebrum: basal nuclei
pockets of gray matter within the white matter
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three parts of the diencepehlon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
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Thalamus
-relay stations for sensory impulses (pleasant or unpleasant)
- surrounds the third ventricle
- transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
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Hypothalamus
- under the thalamus
- connected to the pituitary gland
-regulates body temp, water, balance, metabolism, limbic system, thirst, appetite, sex, pain, pleasure, drives
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epithalamus
- forms the roof of the third ventricle
-houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
-connected to the pineal body, sleep wake cycle
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brain stem
breathing, blood pressure
- attaches to the spinal cord
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parts of the brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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midbrain
off the back of the brain. similar to the pons
- mostly composed of tracts of nerves fibers
- has two bulging fiber tracts-- cerebral peduncles, impulse to thalamus
- has 4 rounded protrusions--corpora quadrigemina (reflects centers for vision and hearing
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pons
anterior side of brain--bridge, sends signal to thalamus
- bulging center part of the brain stem
- mostly composed of fiber tracts
- included nuclei involved in the control of breathing
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medulla oblongata
- reticular formation
- lower part of the brain stem
- merges into the spinal cord
- included important fiber tracts
- contains important control centers (heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swallowing, vomiting)
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Functions of the nervous system
1. sensory input
2. Intergration
3. motor output
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Sensory input
-gathering info
-to monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body
changes=stimuli
- afferent--leading towards tge CNS divison)
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integration
to process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed
ex. red light=stop
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motor output
- a response to integrated stimuli
- the response activates muscles or glands
works with endocrine (slow acting while nervous system is fast acting)
- carry impulses away from the CNS
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what makes up the central nervous system? What is considered central?
brain
spinal cord
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What makes up the peripheral nervous system
nerve outside the brain and spinal cord
- cranial nerves--> from the brain
- spinal nerves--> spine
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Somatic
voluntary (sketal)
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Automatic
involuntary (cardiac and smooth)
2 parts of this is sympathetic(fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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Neuroglia
- support cells
-nothing to do with you thinking or sending a repsonse
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astrocytes:
1/2 of neural tissue
- abundant, star shaped cells
- brace neurons
- form barrier between capillaries and neurons-protect from harmful substances in blood
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oligodendrocytes
produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers int eh central nervous system
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microglia
- spider like phagocytes
- dispose of debris- dead brain cells, debris
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ependymal cells
line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
circulate cerebrospinal fluid
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What two neurogila do the same function but for different systems?
- Oligodendrocytes
- Schwann Cells
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Schwann
form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
jelly like function
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satellite cells
protect neuron cell bodies (nucleus of each neuron)
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neurons
nerve cell bodies
cells specialized to transmit messages
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major regions of neurons
cell body- nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
process- fibers that extend from the cell body (dendrites, axon)
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cell body
- nucleus
- nucleolus
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dentrites
conduct impulses towards the cell body; recieve
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axons
conduct impulses away from the cell body; send
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axon terminals
- contain vesicles with neurotransmitters
- seperated from the next neuron by a gap
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synapse
junction between nerves
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nodes of Ranvier
gap in myelin sheath along axon
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neuron cell body location
most in CNS
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gray matter
cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
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nucelli
clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the CNS
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ganglia
collections of cell bodies outside the nervous system
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interneurons
association neurons
found in the neural pathways in the CNS
connect sensory and motor neurons
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multipolar neurons
most common****
many extensions from the cell body
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bipolar neuron
one axon and one dendrite
rare, eye/nose
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unipolar neuron
have a short single process leaving the cell body (sensory PNS)
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irritability
ability to respond to stimuli
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conductivity
ability to transmit an impulse
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refractory period
period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus
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Depolarization
state in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron
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action potential
transmission of the depolarization wave along the neurons membrane
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repolarization
period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron
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polarized
electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron
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potassium ions
the chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron
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sodium potassium pump
process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron
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proprioceptors
sensory receptors found in muscle and tendons that detect their degree of strength
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cerebellum
balance and equilibrium
compass brain intentions with body performance
- projects dorsally from under the occipital lobe
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reticular formation
-backside of where the medulla runs
- part of the brain stem
- for consciousness
- if you damage you go into a coma
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projection of the CNS superficial to deep
1. Scalp and skin
2. Skull and vertebral column
3. meninges
4. Cerebrospinal fluid
5. Blood brain barrier
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meninges
3 connective tissue coverings right on the brain
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cerbrospinal fluid
circulates in between meninges, constantly moves, cleaning bacteria and cushions the brain
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blood brain barrier
-limits what particles/substances can enter or leave the brain
- includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
- useless against some substances such as fats and fat soluble molecules
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Dura matter
-"tough matter"
-outermost layer
- folds in several areas (cerebellum and cerebrum)
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tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebellum from the cerebrum
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arachnoid layer
- middle layer
- web like
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Arachnoid vill
circulates CSF back into venous blood
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pia matter
internal layer
- clings to the surface of the brain
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cerebral spinal fluid
- formed by the choroid plexus--clusters of capillaries from all the brain ventricles
- forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
- circulated arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of spine
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concussion
-slight brain injury- see "stars" lose consciousness briefly
-no permanent brain damage
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contusion
-can cause comma if reticular formation injured
-nervous tissue destruction
-nervous tissue does not regenerate
- SCAN
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cerebral edema
-intracranial hemorrhage- busted blood vessel
- swelling
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CVA: Cerebrovascular accident
- commonly called a stroke, 3rd leading cause of death
- Rupture a blood vessel because of a clot on one side or the other brain and you loose O2. If you loose O2 for more than 2 to 3 minutes brain tissue starts to die, this is why there are lasting effects
- Left side paralysis would be from a right side clot in the brain
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transient ischemic attack
Less sever 5-50 minutes, impaired speech, suggests possible CVA
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Altheimer's
- Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers with neurons
- Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death
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spinal cord
- extends from the medulla oblongata of the region of T12
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Plexis
-enlargements occur in the cervical and lumbar regions
-where nerves for arms and legs leave
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how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
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dorsal horns
- posterior
- contain interneurons
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anterior horns
-ventral
-somatic nervous system, take info and send it out through the anterior root to where it needs to go
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horns
gray matter (inside the spinal cord)
90
roots
whole divisions of a spinal nerve entering or leaving the spinal cord
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dorsal root
fibers enter the spinal cord
- associated with the dorsal root ganglia
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ventral roots
- where signals are sent out by axons in the spinal cord
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quadriplegic
injured high in the spinal cord (higher the worst)
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paraplegic
lower in the spinal cord
95
cranial nerves
- 12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck
- numbered in order from front to back
- most are mixed, but three are sensory
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olfactory nerve
sensory for smell
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optic nerve
sensory for vison
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oculomotor nerve
motor fibers to eye muscles, focusing constricting pupils
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trochlear
move fibers to eye muscles
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trigeminal nerve
sensory for face; motor fibers to chewing
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abducens nerve
motor fibers to eye muscles
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facial nerve
sensory for taste; motor; motor fibers to the face
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vestibulocochlear nerve
sensory for balance and hearing
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glossopharyngeal nerve
sensory for taste; motor fibers to the tounge
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vagus nerve
sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera (heart, stomach)
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accessory nerve
motor fibers to neck and upper back
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hypoglossal nerve
motor fibers to Tounge
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Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous system
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Subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activies such as the activitys of skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
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nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and the ganglia
peripheral nervous system
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subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
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a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders
central nervous system
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a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as the communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS
peripheral nervous system
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state in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuro
depolarization
115
electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting ion
polarized
116
transition of the depletion wave along the neurons membrane
Action potential
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the chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron
potassium ion
118
process by which ATP used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell
sodium potassium pump
119
Spinal nerves
-pair of spinal nerves at each level of each vertebrae
-formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots
120
dorsal rami
serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk
- divisions of neurons that leave and project
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Ventral rami
forms a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior
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Axillary nerve
shoulder/armpit
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brachial nerve
down the proximal part of the arm that transitions to the median nerve
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median nerve
between the radial and the ulana
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ulnar nerve
ulna
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femoral nerve
more anterior, major nerve on the front of the leg
127
Sciatic nerve
more Postier, groin, thickest longest nerve---pushes on the bladder with birth of baby
128
plexus
motor sensory needs of the limb
129
difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system
Somatic-conscious, one motor neuron from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscle, this is an advantage in order to react faster
autonomic-involuntary, ok if hear rate slows down half a second later, chain of two neurons
130
ACH
SKELTAL muscles, arousal, memory, focus, learning
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epinephrine/norepinephrine
adrenaline
- heart rate, blood pressure, pupils dilate, alertness, blood sugar levels
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somatic skelatal neurotransmitter
always use acetylcholine
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autonomic neurotransmitter
acetylcholine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine
134
parasympathetic anatomy, where does it orginate
- originates from the brain stem and S1 through S4 and through the brain stem
- terminal ganglia are the effector neurons
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Use what neurotransmitter for parasympathetic
ACH
136
Sympathetic nervous system, where does it originate
originates from the T1 through L2--where all the nerves originating from the spina cord come from
- short pre-ganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron transmit impulse from CNS to the effector
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Sympathetic
- Fight of flight
- "E" division= exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
- pounding heart, deep breathing, dialated eyes, sweaty, blood glucose
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parasympathetic division anatomy
Rest and digest
- conserve energy- decreases hearts activities
- maintains daily necessary body functions
- "D": division, defecation, and diuresis (urine)
- drop all vitals to accomplish the
139
What is one of the last areas of the brain to develop
hypothalamus
140
EEG
Electroencephalogram- EEG electrodes on the scalp for brain waves/lesions, measure brain activity
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Pneumoencephalography
ventricles (hydrocephalus)- x rays,
142
cerebral angiogram
dye injected to see cerebral arteries
143
CT and MRI
tumors, MS, brain tissue(dead
soft tissue
