Anatomy, neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism

Question 1

When oxygen is needed, what part of the brain fires impulses to the respiratory muscles?

Answer 1

Medulla Oblongata.

Question 2

Framework of Respiration

Answer 2

inhalation –> chest and lungs expand –> diaphragm lowers –> air flows thru nose and mouth –> air goes down pharynx thru the open vocal folds –> air continues down to trachea and bronchial tubes –> air gets to lungs

Question 3

When respiratory system is at rest, how much are the lungs inflated?

Answer 3

40%

Question 4

which lung is shorter, broader and bigger?

Answer 4

the right lung

Question 5

What are the three structures that are key to adequate respiration?

Answer 5

Lungs: this is where the exchange of gas is accomplished

Bronchi: these are tubes that extend from trachea into lungs, communicate with alveoli that open to tiny air sacks in the lungs

trachea: as person inhales-air goes through larynx to the trachea to the lungs which expand. when exhale, air goes upward through trachea-cartilage rings.connects larynx to the bronchi

Question 6

internal intercostals

Answer 6

pull ribs down to to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

Question 7

external intercostals

Answer 7

raise the ribs up and out for inhalation

Question 8

3 biological functions of the larynx

Answer 8

1. cough
2. close trachea so food doesn’t enter the lungs.
3. Adduct VFs to build up pressure for lifting

Question 9

what are the Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Answer 9

thyroarytenoid
lateral cricoarytenoid 
transverse aryetenoid 
oblique arytenoid 
cricothyroid 
posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 10

What muscle makes up the vocal folds

Answer 10

vocalic muscle

thyroarytenoid

Question 11

which muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds?

Answer 11

cricothyroid

Question 12

Which muscle increases medial compression of the vocal folds?

Answer 12

lateral cricoarytenoid

Question 13

What muscle increases pitch?

Answer 13

cricothyroid

Question 14

What is the only abductor of the vocal folds?

Answer 14

posterior cricothyroid

Question 15

what are the adductor muscles of the vocal folds

Answer 15

lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse arytenoid
oblique arytenoid

Question 16

which muscles depress the larynx?

Answer 16

(4)
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
sternohyoid

Question 17

what muscles elevate the larynx?

Answer 17

(6)
digastric
geniohyoid
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
hyoglossus
genioglossus

Question 18

What are the three Layers of the vocal folds?

Answer 18

1. epithelium
2. Lamina propia
3. Vocalic muscle -thyroarytenoid - body

Question 19

what are the three layers of the lamina propia

Answer 19

1. superficial
2. intermediate
3. deep lamina propia

Question 20

What is the cover?

Answer 20

the cover is the epithelium and the superficial layer and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propia

Question 21

What is the body of the vocal fold

Answer 21

the remainder of the intermediate layer , the deep layer and the thyroarytenoid muscle

Question 22

What is the cover body theory of phonation

Answer 22

the cover vibrates while the body is stationary

Question 23

what is composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx

Answer 23

aryepiglottic folds

Question 24

What are the functions of the aryepiglottic folds

Answer 24

they seperate the larngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway

Question 25

what folds usually compress during coughing or heavy lifting?

Answer 25

ventricular, false folds

Question 26

What is the myoelastic- aerodynamic theory

Answer 26

the vocal folds vibrate due to the forces and pressure of the air and the elasticity of the vocal folds Myoelasticity: once the VF have been forced apart, they begin to recoil back to midline, due to their natural elasticity. (elastic recoil- similar to the lung-thorax unit)

Question 27

bernouli effect

Answer 27

air travels towards less pressure

Question 28

what direction does the mucosal wave travel

Answer 28

back to front

Question 29

The primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control

Answer 29

primary motor cortex brocas area somatosensory cortex supplementary motor cortex

Question 30

function of the cerebellum

Answer 30

regulates motor movement | coordination

Question 31

what branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervated he cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 31

the external branch of the SLN

Question 32

what are the 3 branches of the Vagus nerve

Answer 32

superior laryngeal recurrent laryngeal pharyngeal

Question 33

What happens if there is damage to the superior laryngeal branch?

Answer 33

difficulties managing the pitch

Question 34

What happens if there is damage to the recurrent laryngeal branch?

Answer 34

paralysis of the vocal folds

Question 35

What happens if there is damage to the pharyngeal

Answer 35

hypernasality

Question 36

what branch innervates the cricothyroid?

Answer 36

superior laryngeal

Question 37

what branch innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx beside the cricothyroid?

Answer 37

recurrent laryngeal branch

Question 38

What are the resonators that modify laryngeal tone?

Answer 38

pharynx nasal cavity oral cavity

Question 39

What are the muscles needed for velopharyngeal closure.?

Answer 39

Tensor veli palatini. Levator veli palatini. Palatoglossus. Palatopharyngeus.

Question 40

what is the primary elevator of the velum?

Answer 40

levator veli palatini

Question 41

what tenses the velum and dilates the eustachian tube?

Answer 41

tensor veli palatini

Question 42

What are the two functions of the muscles of the mouth?

Answer 42

1. chewing food | 2. opening and closing mouth

Question 43

What is the primary muscle of the lips?

Answer 43

orbicularis oris muscle

Question 44

What muscle are the cheeks primarily made of?

Answer 44

buccinator

Question 45

What nerves primarily supplies the facial muscles

Answer 45

buccal branches and mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

Question 46

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 46

shorten and turn up

Question 47

what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 47

bulk tongue, depress, down and retract

Question 48

What are the cranial nerves most associated with articulation?

Answer 48

``` trigeminal V facial VII Vagus X Spinal accessory VI hypoglossal VII ```

Question 49

pneumonic for remembering the cranial nerves

Answer 49

On Old Olympus' Towering Top, A Finn and German Viewed Some Hops

Question 50

What cranial nerve functions as sensory for the face and motor for the jaw?

Answer 50

Trgeminal V

Question 51

Taste sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Answer 51

Facial VII

Question 52

If damage to this nerve theres a mask like facial expression

Answer 52

Facial VII

Question 53

Nerve primarily for balance and equilibrium

Answer 53

Acoustic VIII

Question 54

Lesions on this nerve create difficulty in swallowing, unilateral loss of the gag reflex, and loss of taste in the posterior 2/3 of the tongue

Answer 54

Glossopharyngeal IX

Question 55

Lesions to this nerve can result in tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility and swallowing problems.

Answer 55

Hypoglossol XII

Question 56

What are the three key structures of the brain stem

Answer 56

midbrain, pons and the medulla

Question 57

contains descending motor fibers and is involved with hearing and balance. houses the nuclei for the trigeminal V and facial nerve VII

Answer 57

The Pons

Question 58

most important part of the brainstem for speech production

Answer 58

the medulla

Question 59

pyramidal tracts start here

Answer 59

the medulla

Question 60

lesions here, result in unusual body posture, dysarthria, changes in body tone, and dyskinesias that interfere with a persons ability to walk, speak and many other activities

Answer 60

Basal Ganglia

Question 61

damage to this part of the brain causes ataxia

Answer 61

cerebellum

Question 62

Area around this fissure are critical in speech language and hearing

Answer 62

sylvian fissure

Question 63

What lobe is important in planning, executing and attention

Answer 63

the frontal lobe

Question 64

which lobe is important in perception and processing of visual, tactile and proprioceptive inso

Answer 64

parietal lobe | think right hemisphere disorder

Question 65

lobe that houses auditory skills

Answer 65

temporal lobe

Question 66

what is located on the the precentral gyrus and controls voluntary movements of the skeletal system on the opposite side.

Answer 66

primary motor cortex/motor strip

Question 67

Wernickes area is located in what lobe?

Answer 67

temporal lobe

Question 68

what is the direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movements

Answer 68

the pyramidal system

Question 69

The pyramidal system is composed of what two tracts

Answer 69

corticospinal and corticobulbar

Question 70

where do the projection fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tract originate?

Answer 70

cerebral cortex

Question 71

corticospinal is contralateral of ipsilateral

Answer 71

contralateral

Question 72

Which tract from the pyramidal system is critical to speech production

Answer 72

corticobulbar

Question 73

cerebral ventricles are filled with

Answer 73

cerebral spinal fluid

Question 74

Function of Cerebral spinal fluid is

Answer 74

nourish the the neural tissue, remove waste product, cushion the brain and regulate intracranial pressure

Question 75

there are ___ cerebral ventricles

Answer 75

4 (2) lateral (biggest) the third and the fourth

Question 76

How many layers protect the brain and what are they called?

Answer 76

3 the meninges

Question 77

describe the three meninges

Answer 77

1. dura =outermost, thick and tough 2. arachnoid = spider web =semitransparent, thin delicate, weblike, CSF fills the space between arachnoid and pia matter 3. Pia matter= delicate thin membrane that adheres to the brain surface like plastic wrap,

Question 78

Major blood suppliers of the brain =

Answer 78

the aorta, vertebral arteries, carotid arteries, and the circle of willis

Question 79

damage to the middle cerebral artery may result in:

Answer 79

strokes, aphasia

Question 80

What will happen if an artery is blocked above the circle of willis?

Answer 80

brain damage, because the brain has no alternate source of blood

Question 81

What will happen if an artery is blocked below the circle of willis?

Answer 81

brain damage may be minimal because alternate channels may be available

Question 82

Which pyramidal tract is more of the indirect activation system?

Answer 82

extrapyramidal | it helps maintain posture and tone

Question 83

what cranial nerves innervate the pharynx

Answer 83

IX and X | glossopharyngeas and Vagus

Question 84

What type of neuron carries signals away from the brain?

Answer 84

efferent