Anatomy - Obj. 1.6 to 1.8 (week 2 pp) Flashcards
1
Q
How many surfaces on each tooth
A
Each tooth has five
surfaces: facial, lingual,
masticatory, mesial,
and distal surfaces.
2
Q
Facial Surface
A
The tooth surface
closest to the surface of
the face is termed
facial
3
Q
Labial Surface
A
The tooth surface
closest to the surface of
the face is termed
facial
4
Q
Buccal surface
A
The facial surface
closest to the inner
cheek is termed buccal.
5
Q
lingual surface
A
The surface closest to
the tongue is termed
lingual.
6
Q
palatal surface
A
The lingual surfaces
closest to the palate on
the maxillary arch is
sometimes also termed
palatal.
7
Q
one rooted teeth
A
incisors, cuspids/canines, premolars/bicuspids
8
Q
two rooted teeth
A
mandibular molars
1st maxi premolar can be bifurcated
9
Q
three rooted teeth
A
maxillary molars
10
Q
proximal surfaces
A
surfaces next to each other when teeth are adjacent in in the arch (both mesial and distal)
11
Q
interproximal surfaces
A
area between two adjacent teeth
12
Q
anatomic features of the teeth help…
A
Anatomic features of the teeth help maintain their positions in the arch and protect the tissues
during mastication (chewing)
13
Q
Three anatomic features of the teeth
A
◦ Contours
◦ Contacts
◦ Embrasures
14
Q
Contours of teeth
A
All teeth have a curved surface except when the
tooth is fractured or worn
◦ Some surfaces are convex; others are concave
◦ General principle that the crown of the tooth narrows
toward the cervical line is true for all types of teeth
15
Q
- Facial and lingual contours
A
◦ The normal contour of a tooth provides the gingiva with adequate stimulation for health, while protecting it from damage that may be caused by food
16
Q
- Mesial and distal contours
A
These contours provide normal contact and embrasure form
17
Q
height of contours
A
The “bulge,” or widest point, on a specific surface of the crown
* Contact areas on the mesial and distal surfaces are usually considered the height of contour on the proximal surfaces
* Facial and lingual surfaces also have a height of contour
18
Q
Contact area
A
The area where the
crowns of adjacent
teeth in the same arch
physically touch on
each proximal surface is
the contact area, or, as
referred to by clinicians,
the contact
19
Q
A proper contact serves the following purposes:
A
◦ Prevents food from being trapped between the teeth
◦ Stabilizes the dental arches by holding the teeth in either arch in positive contact with each other
◦ Protects the interproximal gingival tissue from trauma during mastication (chewing)
20
Q
Embrasures
A
- When two teeth in the same arch touch, their curvatures next to the contact areas form spaces called embrasures
- An embrasure is a triangular space in a gingival direction between the proximal surfaces of two adjoining teeth in contact * Embrasures are continuous with the interproximal
spaces between the teeth - All tooth contours, including contact areas and embrasures, are important in the function and health of the oral tissues
21
Q
apical embrasure
A
embrasure on anterior teeth near gingiva (gums)
22
Q
incisor embrasure
A
embrasure at incisal edge
23
Q
lingual embrasures
A
embrasure on the lingual surface of all teeth
24
Q
facial embrasures
A
embrasure on buccal and labial surface of teeth
25
occlusal embrasures
embrasures on occlusal surface of posterior teeth
26
clinical considerations for tooth surfaces
* The tooth’s angles, height of contour, and spaces define the front or face of a tooth when the design of a patient’s smile is considered, because these features are noted first when contemplating
someone’s smile.
* Altering placement and shape of these features changes the face of a tooth and its perceived size and the appearance of the smile.
* Note that ideally the mesial part of the face and silhouette of a tooth is more angled vertically than the distal part of the face of a tooth
27
cusp
major elevation on the occlusal surfaces of canine and posterior teeth
28
Developmental
depressions
Developmental
depressions outline the
separations among the
labial developmental
lobes
29
cingulum
The lingual surfaces of
all anteriors have a
cingulum.
A raised, rounded area
on the cervical third of
the lingual surface
30
mamelons
small bumps on incisor incisal edges - usually appear on recently erupted adult teeth and are worn away with use/grinding
31
anterior developmental groove
Anteriors may have on
their lingual surface a
developmental groove
- A sharp, deep,
V-shaped linear
depression that marks
the junction among the
developmental lobes
32
posterior developmental grooves
The developmental
grooves on each
different posterior
tooth type are located
in the same place and
mark the junction
among the
developmental lobes
33
types of developmental grooves
-central groove
-supplemental groove (or secondary groove)
may also be present on the lingual surface of anterior teeth
-triangular groove
-marginal groove
34
fossa
a shallow, wide
depression.
35
developmental pits
are located in the
deepest part of each
fossa.
36
occlusal pit
* Each occlusal pit is a
sharp pinpoint
depression where two
or more grooves meet
37
Posterior marginal ridge
The crown of each
posterior tooth has an
occlusal surface that is
bordered by the raised
marginal ridges
* Located on the distal
surface and mesial
surface
38
anterior marginal ridge
Present on the lingual
surface.
The lingual surface on anteriors is bordered
mesially and distally on each side by a rounded raised border
39
Triangular ridges
Triangular ridges, are cusp ridges that
descend from the cusp tips toward the central part of the occlusal table
40
transverse ridge
Additionally present on
many posteriors is a
transverse ridge
A term given to the
joining of two
triangular ridges
crossing the occlusal
table transversely, or
from the labial to
lingual
41
incisal ridge
The long crown of an
anterior tooth has an
incisal surface, which is
considered the incisal
ridge
42
features of the face: ala of the nose
◦ wing - outer nostril
43
features of the face: Tragus of the ear
Projection anterior to the external opening of the ear
44
Ala-tragus line
◦ Used to landmark for x-rays
45
features of the face
1. Outer canthus of the eye
2. Inner canthus of the eye
3. Ala of the nose - wing/outernostril
4. Philtrum - cupids bow
5. Tragus of the ear
6. Nasion - between eyebrows
7. Glabella - middle of forhead
8. Bridge of the nose
9. Septum
10. Anterior naris - nostril-ish
11. Mental protuberance - chin
12. Angle of the mandible - jawline
13. Zygomatic arch - cheekbone
46
labial commisure
corners of lips/mouth
47
vermillion border
outside border of lips
48
vermillion zone
inside of border of lips
49
vestibule
The vestibule is the space between the
teeth and the inner mucosal lining of the
lips and cheeks.
50
oral cavity proper
The oral cavity proper is the space on
the tongue side within the upper and
lower dental arches (Bird & Robinson,
2020).
51
linea alba
* white ridge of raised tissue extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teeth come together
* Caused by friction
with the teeth
52
Fordyce spots
* are normal small, yellowish elevations that may appear on the buccal mucosa
53
mucogingival junction
A distinct line of color change where the alveolar mucosa meets with attached gingivae
* The attached gingiva is a lighter color and has a stippled surface
54
alveolar mucosa
Covers the alveolar
bone
* Loosely attached to the
bone
* Redder in colour than
labial or buccal mucosa
55
frenum/frenulum
* They are found at the inner midline of both upper and lower lips and by the cuspid or bicuspid areas
* It is a narrow fold of mucous membrane passing from fixed tissue to more movable tissue
* The frena/frenula attach the lips to the alveolar mucosa and the tongue to the floor of the mouth
56
gingiva (gums)
Gingiva surrounds the tooth like a collar and is self-cleansing.
* Gingiva is firm and resistant and can be tightly
adapted to the tooth and bone.
* Surfaces of the attached gingiva and interdental
papillae are stippled and resemble the rind of an orange.
* The color of the gingival surface varies according to the individual's pigmentation
57
attached gingiva
The attached gingiva
extends from the base
of the sulcus to the
mucogingival junction.
* It is a stippled, dense
tissue that is selfprotecting, firmly
bound, and resilient
58
Bony eminence
-raised contour of bone that
follows the roots of the teeth, canine eminence
59
* Maxillary tuberosity
-small extension of bone
posterior to last maxillary tooth
60
* Retromolar area
bone posterior to last
mandibular tooth-we will discuss this in more
detail when we detail the mandible
61
exostoses
Localized growth of
bone
62
hard palate
roof of mouth
* Crush food
* Assist in swallowing
* Prevent injury to the oral structures by determining
texture and temperature of food (Bird & Robinson,
2021)
Hard Palate
(A) Surface features of th
63
soft palate
Posterior third of the palate
* Composed of muscular fibers covered with mucosa
* The most posterior portion is the uvula
* The soft palate assists by closing off the nasal cavity during swallowing or speaking – specifically the uvula
64
Oropharynx
The middle part of the throat, behind the mouth.
65
tongue - dorsum
* The upper surface is
the dorsum
66
tongue - ventral surface
* The undersurface is the
ventral surface
* Large visible blood
vessels and deep
lingual veins
* Plica fimbriata/e
67
tongue - depression down
* The depression down
the midline is the
median sulcus
68
tongue - Circumvallate/Vallate Papillae
* Is a V-shaped row of circular, raised papillae
about 2/3 of the way back
* Involved in your gag reflex.
* Contain taste buds
69
Filiform Papillae
* grey threadlike projections of epithelial tissue
* cover the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
* provide tactile sense
70
Fungiform Papillae
* reddish small mushroom-shaped dots
* dorsal surface
* anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
* Contain taste buds
71
Foliate Papillae
* on lateral surface, back in the region of the
circumvallate papillae
* some taste buds
72
lingual tonsils
* Found near the midline, on the dorsum of the tongue
* Directly behind the circumvallate papilla
* Similar to the tissue of palatine tonsils
* Works as a defense mechanism in that area
73
Masticatory Mucosa
oral mucosa that covers the hard palate, dorsum of the tongue, and gingiva
74
specialized mucosa
mucous membrane on the tongue in the form of
lingual papillae, which are structures associated
with sensations of taste
75
lining mucosa
mucous membrane that covers the inside of the cheeks, vestibule, lips, soft palate, and underside
of the tongue and acts as a cushion for underlying structures
76
Universal Numbering System (UNS)
This system is the most widely used in the United States for the designation of both dentitions, because it is adaptable to electronic data
-the primary teeth are designated from each other in a consecutive arrangement by using capital letters, A through T, starting with the maxillary right second molar, moving clockwise, and ending
with the mandibular right second molar
- The permanent teeth are designated from each other in the UNS in consecutive arrangement as the patient is observed from in front by using the digits 1 through 32, starting with the maxillary
right third molar, moving clockwise, and ending with the mandibular right third molar.
77
FDI - International Numbering System
* However, the need for a system that can be used
internationally, as well as by electronic data
transfer, is recognized; thus the acceptance of the
International Numbering System (INS) * This is based on the system of the Fédération
Dentaire Internationale (FDI
- the teeth are designated from each other by using a two-digit code.
* The first digit of the code indicates the quadrant, and the second indicates the tooth’s position in this quadrant.
* the digits 1 through 4 are used for quadrants in a clockwise manner in the permanent dentition, and digits 5 through 8 are used in a clockwise manner for those quadrants of the primary dentition
he teeth are designated from each other by usinga two-digit code.
* The first digit of the code indicates the quadrant, and the second indicates the tooth’s position in this quadrant.
* The digits 1 through 4 are used for quadrants in a clockwise manner in the permanent dentition, and digits 5 through 8 are used in a clockwise manner for those quadrants of the primary dentition
78
palmer method
* In this system, the teeth are designated from each other with a right-angle symbol indicating the quadrants and arch, with the tooth number placed inside
79
maxillary labial frenum
middle frenum on top arch
80
mandibular labial frenum
middle frenum on bottom arch
81
mandibular buccal frenum
frenums near cuspid teeth on bottom arch
82
sublingual fold
fold on ventral side of tongue
83
lingual frenum
frenum under the tongue
84
mandibular tori
localized growth of bone under tongue - on the sides of floor of mouth
85
FOM - Floor of mouth
under the tongue
86
primary dentistion
There are 20 primary teeth: 10 in the maxillary arch and 10 in the mandibular arch
* Includes incisors, canines, and molars
* Numbered in the FDI System by quadrants (5-8)
87
incisive papilla
right behind central incisors on roof of mouth
88
palatal ruguae
bumps/ridges distal to incisive papilla, on roof of mouth
89
medial palatine raphe (or suture)
center of roof of mouth - where 2 bones meet/come together (under the mucosa)
90
palatal torus
deviation of normal - boney over growth/bump on roof of mouth
91
Dentition periods
primary
mixed
permanent
92
primary teeth
baby or deciduous teeth - 20 total, 10 maxi & 10 mandi
includes incisors, canines/cuspids & molars (no premolars)
numbered in FDI system by quads 5-8
1st tooth usually erupts around 6 months of age
93
Mixed dentition
* Mixed dentition generally occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 years
* Both primary and permanent teeth are present during this transitional period
* The mixed dentition period begins with the eruption of the first permanent tooth, which is a permanent mandibular first molar
* This period ends with shedding of the last primary tooth
94
permanent dentition
The final, or adult, dentition
* This period begins with shedding of the last primary tooth
* Growth of the jawbones slows and eventually stops
* There is very little growth of the jaw overall during this period because puberty has passed
95
primary teeth eruption
* The actual dates are
not as important as the eruption sequence,
because there can be a great deal of variation in the actual dates of
eruption.
* However, the sequence
tends to be uniform
*The primary dentition
takes between 2 and 3
years to be completed
96
primary teeth eruption sequence
Eruption begins mandibular central incisor at approximately 6 months.
RULE: mn > mx
a) 1’s 6-10 months
b) 2’s 7-10 months/9-12 months
c) 4’s 12 -18 months
d) 3’s 16-22 months
e) 5’s 20-32 months/24-32 months
Sequence 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
97
primary to permanent teeth comparision
* The crown of any primary tooth is short
in relation to its total length
* It is also narrower, at the cementoenamel
junction (CEJ), making them appear bulbous
** Roots of primary teeth are also narrower and longer than the crown length.
*Each crown-to-root ratio of primary teeth is smaller than those ratios of their
permanent dentition counterparts
*primary teeth are typically more white
*primary teeth have prominent cervical ridge
*primary teeth are smaller overall
*The enamel is relatively thinner on primary teeth
** The pulp chambers and
pulp horns are relatively large in
proportion to those of the permanent teeth
98
primate spaces
Spaces between the primary maxillary
lateral incisor and canine, and also
between the primary mandibular canine and first molar
- spaces for room for permanent teeth once erupted
- can tell if braces may be needed if there is no room
99
Arch development: leeway space
This difference in size, mesial-distally between the
two types of teeth, is called the leeway
space
100
why are primary teeth important?
* Often parents do not understand the importance of the primary teeth
* Primary teeth hold the eruption space for the permanent teeth
* Because the enamel and dentin are thinner in primary teeth, decay can travel quickly through the enamel to the pulp, possibly causing loss of the tooth
* Early dental health education and dental care are essential in keeping the primary dentition
101
Primary Tooth Eruption dates
Each quadrant-1 central, 1 lateral, 1 canine, 2 molars = 5 x 4 quads = 20 teeth.
Eruption begins mandibular central incisor at approximately 6 months.
RULE: mn > mx
a) 1’s 6-10 months
b) 2’s 7-10 months/9-12 months
c) 4’s 12 -18 months
d) 3’s 16-22 months
e) 5’s 20-32 months/24-32 months
Sequence 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
102
The development and growth of the primary teeth are essential because..
The development and growth of the primary teeth are essential because they influence arch growth and provide stimuli for the formation of arch space for the permanent teeth, which are larger and more numerous (Fehrenbach & Popowics, 2020). Premature loss of primary teeth, especially canines and molars may result in malocclusion or malpositioning of the permanent teeth (Fehrenbach & Popowics, 2020). The development of the arches is generally sufficient to accommodate the increased number and size of permanent teeth. If arch development is not in accord with the size of the developing teeth, “crowding” or “diastema” (space between the teeth) may occur. Finally, primary teeth are needed for speech articulation (Fehrenbach & Popowics, 2020).
103
What age does first primary tooth erupt?
The primary teeth begin to erupt at about six months of age and should all be present by 2-2 1/2 years of age. The first deciduous teeth to erupt are the mandibular central incisors (about 6 months). The maxillary central incisors usually erupt about a month later. As a rule, the mandibular teeth erupt before the corresponding maxillary teeth
104
Exfoliation
The process of shedding the deciduous teeth and replacement with permanent teeth is called exfoliation. Exfoliation begins 2-3 years after the deciduous root is fully formed. The root begins to resorb at its apical end and resorption continues until the entire root has disappeared and the tooth falls out
105
Primary/Deciduous Characteristics differing from Permanent Counterparts
Anterior teeth have smaller crowns and roots
Have no mamelons
Molars are wider mesial to distal than permanent bicuspids
Narrower roots and longer in comparison with the crown length
Narrow cementoenamel junction
The cervical ridge of enamel at the cervical third of the crowns of deciduous anterior teeth are very prominent labially and lingually.
Buccocervical ridges of molars are much more pronounced creating a more bulbous or "bell-shaped" appearance
Roots are more slender and longer and flare apically to allow room in between for the developing permanent tooth crowns.
Lighter in colour more white with a bluish cast
Pulp chambers are large compared to crown size
Pulp horns extend more occlusally
Less dense pulp
Less dense enamel with inconsistent depth
106
Permanent Teeth Eruption Dates
*6-7 Years
Maxillary 1st Molars
Mandibular Central Incisors
Mandibular 1st molars
*7-8 years
Maxillary Central Incisors
Mandibular Lateral Incisors
*8-9 years
Maxillary Lateral Incisors
*9-10 years
Mandibular Cuspids
*10-11 years
Max 1st Premolar
Mandi 1st premolar
*10-12 years
Max 2nd premolar
*11-12 years
Max Cuspids
*11-13 years
mandi 2nd molar
Max 2nd molars
*12-13 years
Mandi 2nd premolars
*17-21 years (if at all)
mandi 3rd molar
Max 3rd molars
107
Role of Incisors
These teeth, with their sharp biting edge, are designed to cut. The tongue side is "shovel-shaped" to guide food into the mouth.
108
Role of Cuspids/Canine
The crown of a cuspid tooth is more massive than that of an incisor: cuspids also have the longest roots of any of our teeth. They are placed in the corners of the mouth and are designed for holding, and grasping.
109
Role of Premolars/Bicuspids
Located posterior to the cuspids, these teeth have two cusps to help hold or grasp pieces of food but they also have a broader surface used to pulverize or grind food.
110
Role of Molars
These teeth have several cusps which provide a broad working surface and interlock with the opposing teeth to pulverize or grind food.
111
Anterior Teeth Line angles
distolabial
mesiolabial
distolingual
mesiolingual
linguoincisal
labioincisal
112
Posterior Teeth Line Angles
distobuccal
mesiobuccal
distolingual
mesiolingual
disto-occlusal
mesio-occlusal
bucco-occlusal
linguo-occlusal
113
Anterior Teeth Point Angles
mesiolabioincisal
distolabioincisal
mesiolinguoincisal
distolinguoincisal
114
Posterior Teeth Point Angles
mesiobucco-occlusal
distobucco-occlusal
mesiolinguo-occlusal
distolinguo-occlusal
115
Functions of the lips include:
help take food and liquid into the mouth
prevent ingestion of extremely hot or cold substances
seal for the mouth (keeps food/liquids and saliva from escaping)
helps to maintain the position of the teeth
speech
expel air
116
Vermillion Zone
Between these two areas lies a transitional zone of reddish tissue known as the vermillion zone (area) of the lip.
117
Vermillion Border
The vermillion border is the line of demarcation between the vermillion zone and the skin of the face
118
Philtrum
The skin of the upper lip has an indentation extending from the area below the middle of the nose to the center of the upper lip known as the philtrum. It is at the lateral junction of this philtrum that a cleft lip would be seen
119
Nasiolabial sulcus
The nasolabial sulcus is a shallow depression extending from the corner of the nose to the corner of the mouth.
120
Labio-mental groove
The labio-mental groove is a shallow linear depression between the center of the lower lip and chin.
121
Labio-marginal sulcus
The labio-marginal sulcus refers to the shallow depression extending downward from the corners of the mouth.
122
Commissure
Commissure refers to the corner of the mouth.
123
Boundaries of the Oral Cavity
The oral cavity is the area extending from the lips posteriorly to the area of the palatine tonsils, commonly referred to as "the tonsils"
124
Functions of the oral cavity
mastication
moisten the food with saliva, preparing it for swallowing and digestion
sense of taste
moves food around the oral cavity
air passage
speech
125
Mucous Membrane
Mucous membrane lines the oral cavity. This soft, pink, moist tissue is called the oral mucosa and occurs in varying thicknesses. It acts as a protective covering for the oral cavity. In some areas, it is firmly attached to the underlying bone and in other areas, it is looser
126
There are three types of oral mucosa:
Masticatory Mucosa - covers areas subject to stress
Specialized Mucosa - covers the area that has the specific function of taste
Lining Mucosa - covers all other areas of the oral cavity
127
tonsillar pillars
The palatine tonsils lie on the sides of the throat between two folds of tissue
128
fauces
opening from the oral cavity into the pharynx
129
oral fissure
The opening from the oral cavity to the exterior
130
The oral cavity can be divided into two parts:
the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the space between the lips or cheeks and the teeth. The oral cavity proper is the area from the teeth back to the oro-pharynx
131
mucobuccal or mucolabial fold
is the point at which the mucosa of the cheeks or lips turns to go towards the "gums".
132
mucogingival junction
The mucogingival junction is the point at which the mucosa becomes tightly attached to the alveolar bone and is the beginning of the gingiva.
133
diastema
if the maxillary labial frenum is too firm for the erupting central incisors to penetrate, they may be pushed aside so space would exist - gap tooth
134
buccal frenula
less well-defined frenula in the cuspid or bicuspid areas
135
maxillary tuberosity
a small, rounded extension of bone, covered with soft tissue, is found posterior to the last maxillary tooth
136
retromolar area
The retromolar area is a triangular area of bone, covered with soft tissue, posterior to the last mandibular tooth
137
exotoses
Exostoses are small bony growths on the buccal cortical plate of the vestibule -- in a large portion of the population. They are normally of no consequence
138
bony eminence
The bony eminence is the raised contour of bone, covered with soft tissue, that follows the roots of the teeth, in particular, the canine eminence
139
gingiva
Surrounding the necks of the teeth and covering the bone in which the teeth are anchored is a pink, stippled mucosa called the gingiva
140
rugae
The rugae are transverse ridges of tissue found in the anterior portion of the hard palate. They extend laterally from the palatine raphe, which is a ridge of tissue running down the midline of the palate
141
palatine raphe
the ridge of tissue running down the midline of the palate
142
fovea palatinus
Two small indentations, one on either side of the raphe - are located at the junction of the hard and soft palate. These are remnants of minor salivary glands
143
incisive papilla
There is a singular bulge of tissue at the mid-line immediately behind the maxillary central incisors known as the incisive papilla. Beneath this papilla is the incisive canal, which carries a nerve to the soft tissue lingual to the maxillary anterior teeth, a point of injection for anesthetizing the palatal gingiva adjacent to the maxillary anterior teeth
144
torus palatinus
may be an excess bony growth in the midline of the hard palate
145
functions of the hard palate
crush foods in preparation for swallowing
assists in swallowing
helps prevent injury to the oral structures by determining the texture and temperature of food
146
Soft palate
The posterior third of the palate is called the soft palate. It is composed of muscular fibers covered with mucosa and is a deeper pink colour than the hard palate because of its highly vascular composition
During speaking or swallowing, the soft palate is elevated and pulled backward, closing off the nasal cavity.
147
The following structures are located at the posterior portion of the oral cavity:
fauces – arch or entryway that joins the oral cavity with the pharynx, also called the oro-pharynx
pillars of fauces – two folds of tissue on either side, one behind, one in front of, the tonsils
palatopharyngeal arch or fold – a more prominent fold, behind the tonsil, also called the posterior pillar
palatoglossal arch or fold– immediately in front of the tonsil, also called the anterior pillar
palatine tonsils – masses of lymphoid tissue located between the anterior and posterior pillars of fauces
148
ankyloglossia, or "tongue tied"
If the lingual frenum is attached close to the tongue and is rather short, the tongue will have limited movement. This condition is called ankyloglossia, or "tongue tied".
149
sublingual caruncle
At the base of the frenum, there is a small elevation on each side known as the sublingual caruncle. This is the opening for salivary glands
150
sublingual fold
Extending from the sublingual caruncle back along the floor of the mouth on either side of the mouth is a fold of tissue called the sublingual fold, containing a number of small openings or ducts of the sublingual salivary gland
151
mandibular tori
There may frequently be some bony projections on the lingual surface of the lower jaw at the cuspid-bicuspid area. These are similar to the palatal tori
152
The Tongue
The tongue is an epithelial sac filled with muscles. The base is attached to the floor of the mouth, while the anterior portion is free
153
Dorsum surface of tongue
the top of tongue
154
ventral surface of tongue
the underside of tongue
155
Functions of the tongue
crushes food against the hard palate
pushes food between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth
transfers food from one area of the mouth to another
mixes food with saliva
selects the parts of the masticated mass that is ready to be swallowed
assists in swallowing
after swallowing, it helps to cleanse the mouth of food residue
important in the formation of speech sounds
156
Hairy Tongue
Sometimes the epithelium on these papillae grows very long and traps food. Pigments originating from oral bacteria and food may stain them
157
Glossitis
Sometimes, the epithelium of tongue papillae is lost and the surface of the tongue becomes very smooth
158
Foliate papillae
If you grasp the tip of the tongue with a piece of gauze and gently pull it out and to the side, you will see a roughened lateral surface back in the region of the vallate papillae. These are the foliate papillae. They are not well developed but do contain some taste buds
159
lingual tonsils
is a region near the mid-line on the dorsum of the tongue, just behind the vallate papillae. This is tissue similar to that of the palatine tonsils and provides a defense mechanism in that area
160
The _________ duct conveys saliva from the submandibular gland to the mouth.
Wharton's
161
Saliva from the parotid gland enters the mouth:
opposite the maxillary second molar
162
The largest of the salivary glands, located below and towards the posterior of the mandible is the ___________ gland
Submandibular
