Anatomy of breathing 1

Question 1

Upper respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 2

Lower respiratory tract aka ?

Answer 2

The respiratory tree

Question 3

What does LRT consist of?

Answer 3

Trachea
R & L main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 4

What happens at level C6 of vertebra?

Answer 4

Larynx becomes trachea

Pharynx becomes oesophagus

Question 5

Bifurcation of trachea?

Answer 5

Division into 2 main bronchi

Question 6

Lobar bronchi?

Answer 6

One lobar bronchi for each of 5 lung lobes

Question 7

Segmental bronchi?

Answer 7

One for each of the 10 bronchopulmonary segments

Question 8

Bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 8

Area of lung lobe that each of segmental bronchi supply with air
10 per lung

Question 9

Order of bronchi?

Answer 9

Main bronchi –> Lobar bronchi –> Segmental bronchi

Question 10

What do each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have?

Answer 10

Own air supply (bronchus)
Blood supply
Lymphatic drainage
Nerve supply

Question 11

Lining of inside of bronchial tree?

Answer 11

Respiratory epithelium -

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Question 12

Pseudostratified?

Answer 12

Tissues formed by a single layer of cells that give the appearance of being made from multiple layers

Question 13

Where does this respiratory lining not line in the bronchial tree?

Answer 13

Distal bronchioles & alveoli

Question 14

Mucociliary escalator?

Answer 14

Mucuous glands secrete mucous onto epithelial surface

Cilia beat to sweep mucous (+ foreign bodies stuck in mucous) superiorly towards pharynx –> swallowed

Question 15

Hyaline cartilage function?

Answer 15

Supports walls of trachea and all of the bronchi which maintains patency of airways (holds them open)

Question 16

What happens to the amount of cartilage as you move distally in the respiratory tree?

Answer 16

Gradually reduces

Question 17

Is there cartilage in the most distal bronchioles and alveoli walls?

Answer 17

NO as this would impact on diffusion

Question 18

What happens to the amount of smooth muscle as you move distally in the airways?

Answer 18

Smooth muscle in walls of airways becomes more prominent

Question 19

Most prominent feature of bronchiole walls?

Answer 19

Smooth muscle

Bronchioles can therefore constrict and dilate

Question 20

Main requirements for adequate diffusion at alveolar wall? (5)

Answer 20

1 - Sufficient functioning lung tissue
2 - Sufficient O2 in air we breathe in
3 - No CO2 in air we breathe in
4 - Minimal thickness of walls of alveoli to facilitate gaseous diffusion
5 - Minimal tissue fluid in tissue spaces around alveolar capillaries

Question 21

Main dangers to air moving freely through the URT and LRT?

Answer 21

Resp tract may become narrowed:
- Bronchioles constrict
- Swelling of mucosa lining resp tree & overproduction of mucus
- Growing tumour may externally compress
Foreign bodies being inhaled
- May stop breathing

Question 22

How do we keep URT patent?

Answer 22

2 nasal cavities separated by nasal septum

Larynx consists of several cartilages which help maintain patency

Question 23

Describe the nasal septum

Answer 23

Bony posterior part - ethmoid bone (superiorly) & vomer (inferiorly)
Cartilaginous part anterior

Question 24

Larynx/ voice box consists of which cartilages?

Answer 24

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages

Question 25

Functions of larynx?

Answer 25

- Cartilages help to maintain the patency of the URT - Helps to prevent the entry of foreign bodies into the LRT (the vocal cords) - Produces sound (the vocal cords)

Question 26

What is the inferior continuation of the larynx?

Answer 26

Trachea

Question 27

Narrowest part of larynx?

Answer 27

Rima glottidis

Question 28

Airway protection - vocal chords?

Answer 28

- Vocal cords can approximate in midline, closing rima glottidis & preventing foreign body being inhaled into trachea - Cough reflex then stimulated to expel foreign body via pharynx & oral cavity

Question 29

Vocal ligaments & voice production?

Answer 29

- Phonation (producing sound) - expire air across vocal cords & cords vibrate to produce sound - Articulation ( producing speech) - sound modified in nose, mouth

Question 30

Describe how the air breathed in is normally warmed, humidified & “cleaned”

Answer 30

Conchae & respiratory mucosa

Question 31

How do the conchae contribute to the air being warmed, humidified & cleaned?

Answer 31

Conchae - Inc SA of lateral walls of nasal cavities - Produce turbulent blood flow - brings air into contact with walls

Question 32

How does resp mucosa contribute to the air being warmed, humidified & cleaned?

Answer 32

Good arterial blood supply - warmth Produces mucous providing moisture - humidify Sticky mucous traps infected particles - cleaned Cilia waft mucous to pharynx to be swallowed into gastric acid

Question 33

What else contributes to the cleaning process?

Answer 33

Tonsils located in mucosa lining pharynx

Question 34

Anatomy of thoracic skeleton?

Answer 34

- 12 pairs of ribs - Intercostal spaces - Costal margin - 12 thoracic vertebrae - Clavicle & scapula - Sternum

Question 35

True ribs?

Answer 35

Ribs 1-7 | Attach via their costal cartilage to sternum

Question 36

False ribs?

Answer 36

Ribs 8-10 | Attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum

Question 37

Floating ribs?

Answer 37

Ribs 11 & 12 | No attachment to sternum

Question 38

What does the sternum consist of?

Answer 38

Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Sternal angle

Question 39

Joints of thoracic skeleton?

Answer 39

Sternocostal joins - synovial Costochondrial joints Costovertebral joints ---> Limited movement

Question 40

Costal margins?

Answer 40

Lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage

Question 41

Where do layers of intercostal muscles attach?

Answer 41

Between adjacent ribs

Question 42

How do intercostal muscles make chest wall expand?

Answer 42

By pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards