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Anatomy of cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the division of mediastinum?

A

Anterior and inferior mediastinum formed at T4, the inferior mediastinum further divides into anterior (in front of pericardium), middle, posterior (behind pericardium)

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2
Q

Where is heat located?

A

In the middle inferior mediastinum

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3
Q

Nane and describe all the circulations in body

A

Systemic circulation (body-heart-body), pulmonary (heart-lungs-heart), hepatic portal circulation (capillarities -veins- capillaries), lymphatic circulation

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4
Q

What is the apex of the heart and what is the base?

A

Apex if the heart is left ventricle and base of the heart is left atrium

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5
Q

What is the order of vessels in the anterior view?

A

Superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

What is RAA?

A

Right atrial appendage, it it right auricle, small cone shaped pouch, that is muscular, lined with small muscles on its surface, there is also one present on the left side

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7
Q

What is located in the anterior inferior mediastinum?

A

It is narrow little cleft with fat, ligaments, remnants of thymus gland, lymph nodes

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8
Q

What is located in the middle inferior mediastinum?

A

Heart with pericardium, beginning of great vessels

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9
Q

What is located in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

oesophagus, descending arta, posterior intercostal arteries, phrenic nerves, vagus nerve, thoracic duct, sympathetic chain, azygous, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins

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10
Q

What is the position of the apex of the heart ?

A

Left 5th intercostal space in mid-clavicular line

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11
Q

Does the position of the apex vary?

A

Yes, it is higher when lying down, it is higher in children, also moves up and down as we breath

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12
Q

What is the distribution of the heart in terms of R and L?

A

2/3 are on the left, 1/3 is on the right

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13
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

Very rare condition in which the heart and other organs are transposed through mid-sagittal plane, heart face right and the organs are also inverted, asymptomatic usually

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14
Q

Which structures are anterior to the heart?

A

Sternum, anterior edges of lungs and pleura, costal cartilages 4-7, thyme remnants

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15
Q

Which structures are posterior to the heart?

A

oesophagus, descending aorta, thoracic vertebra 5-8

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16
Q

Which structures are laterally to the heart?

A

Lungs and pleura, phrenic nerves and sensory fibres to pericardium

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17
Q

Which structure is inferior to the heart?

A

Central tendon of diaphragm

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18
Q

Describe the inner layer of heart

A

Inner layer of the heart is endocardium, it is simple squamous epithelial cells in single layer, basement membrane, collagen, elastic fibres and some smooth muscle cells, subendocardium from connective tissue that can contain conductive fibres, forms the valves of the heart

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19
Q

Describe the myocardium of the heart

A

Myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart, it consists of cardiac muscles and many blood cells, muscle cells have many mitochondria, they are striated, interconnected by intercalated discs that form functional syncytium

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20
Q

Describe the intercalated discs

A

The are connections between cardiac muscle cells, they have gap and gap junctions that connect at vertical interphase and allow electrical communication between cells, desmosome junctions that connect at horizontal interphase and bind the cells together, they are alternating

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21
Q

Describe the epicardium of heart

A

It is outermost layer, consists of connective tissue, basement membrane and squamous epithelium, it can have many adipose cells, it is also visceral layer of serous pericardium, outside of epicardium is pericardial cavity

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22
Q

What can be found outside of heart?

A

Pericardial sac, if forms the fibrous pericadium out the outside, parietal epicardium on the inside

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23
Q

What is pericardial cavity?

A

Cavity formed by fibrous and serous pericardium, very small space that allows heart to move, but also restrict it to prevent over-streaching, it contains pericardial fluid that is secreted by serous pericardium and lubricates the two layers

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24
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

The control the flow of blood in heart, they are attached by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles, they prevent back flow

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25
Which valves are semilunar?
Aortic and pulmonary, they have three cusps
26
Which valves are atrioventricular?
Mitral and tricuspid, mitral valve is the only one with two cusps only
27
Name the order of the valves from the top to bottom
Pulmonary, aortic, mitral and tricuspid
28
Name the order of the valves from posterior to anterior
Pulmonary, aortic valve, mitral and tricuspid are approximately at the same level
29
How many papillary mussels are there in right and left ventricle ?
In right there are 3, in left there are 2
30
What is cardia skeleton?
Fibrous connective tissue skeleton mainly form collagen, consists of atrioventricular septum and roots of great vessels
31
What is the role of cardiac skeleton?
It provides anchorage for valve cups, prevents over dilation of the valves, provides anchorage for the bundles of heart muscles, block direct spread of electrical impulses from atria to ventricles
32
What holds the heart in the correct position?
Great vessels and fibrous pericardium
33
To what structures the heart attaches to ?
central tendon of diaphragm, sternum, roots of great vessels
34
What is fibrous pericardium made of?
Dense connective tissue
35
Describe how aortic sinuses open?
In systole the aortic sinuses are shielded by aortic valve cusps, in diastole the aortic valve is closed and therefore aortic sinuses are open and blood enters and goes to coronary arteries
36
Describe the superior mediastinum
It is above the T4, it has several planes, glandular plane with thymus, venous plane with brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, arterial-nervous with aortic arch, vagus and phrenic nerve, visceral plane with trachea and oesophagus, lymphatic plane with thoracic duct
37
Name all the planes found in superior mediastinum
Glandular plane, venous plane, arterio-nervous plane, visceral plane, lymphatic plane
38
What are the boundaries of mediastinum ?
Sternum and the thoracic column, between left and right pleura
39
What forms right border of the heart ?
Right atrium and SVC
40
What forms left border of the heart?
Left ventricle and aortic arch
41
What forms anterior surface of the heart?
right atrium and ventricle, left ventricle
42
State the location of the heart in terms of ribs
3rd upper right and 6th lower right, 2nd upper left and 5th lower left
43
What is the relative orientation of the venous channel and aorta?
venous channel is on the right of the arterial side, aortic tango with IVC
44
Name the main arteries of the upper limb
Subclavian artery, axillary artery at border of 1st rib, brachial at the inferior border of trees major, it then divides into radial and ulnar at cubital fossa, they then from palmar arches that gives of digital arteries
45
Describe the arrangement of the veins int he cubital fossa
The superficial veins arise from the dorsal venous arch on the back of the hand, there is basilic vein on the medial site and cephalic vein on the lateral side, they join in H and M fashion forming median cubital vein, it is commonly used for venous puncture
46
Name the main arteries of lower limb
iliac artery arise from abdominal aorta, to common femoral artery in the anterior thigh, it gives off deep and superficial femoral arteries, superficial becomes popliteal in the popliteal fossa, popliteal gives off anterior and posterior tibial, posterior gives of fibular artery, posterior continues forming medial and lateral plantar arteries, anterior becomes doornails pedis
47
Describe the venous system of lower limbs
Superficial veins arise from the dorsal venous arch in the foot, great saphenous vein run medially along and drain to femoral vein, small saphenous run posteriorly, drains popliteal vein which becomes femoral
48
What is the relative position of the aorta and oesophagus?
oesophagus is anterior to the aorta
49
What are the openings in the right atrium?
There is opening for superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
50
What is fossa ovalis?
Remnant of foramen ovale, opening in the septum in foetus
51
Describe the inside of right atrium
It has both rough and smooth part, rough part is formed by muscles musculi pectinati(internal muscle ridges mostly on aterolateral surface), there is crista terminalis in the superior part of the muscle, it is smooth muscular ridge that separates the muscular and smooth part
52
What openings are there in the right atrium?
For tricuspid atrioventricular valve and pulmonary valve leading to pulmonary trunk
53
Describe the tricuspid valve in the right ventricle
It is attached to the walls by chordae tendinae and 3 papillary muscles
54
Describe the inner surface of the right ventricle
It is muscular, formed by trabeculae carneae, it contains rounded and irregular muscular columns, attached to the septum and walls of the ventricle, papillary muscles are special structure of the trabeculae carneae, there are two types, some are attached along their whole lengths, some are free in the middle
55
What is moderator band?
It is septomarginal trabecula, it is muscular thickening extending from the septum to the base of anterior papillary muscle, it convey electrical signal
56
What are the openings in the left atrium?
There are 4 openings for left and right superior pulmonary arteries, left and right inferior pulmonary arteries
57
Describe the inner surface of the left atrium
The inner surface of the left atrium is smooth
58
Name the openings in the left ventricle
Opening for the mitral valve, opening for aortic valve to aorta
59
Describe the inner surface of the left ventricle
It is muscular, formed by trabeculea carneae, it is 3 times thicker than in right ventricle
60
What is cardiomegaly?
Enlarged heart
61
What is dextrocardia?
Heart facing right instead of left
62
Describe the right coronary artery circulation
It arise form right aortic sinus in the ascending aorta, it runs in coronary sinus, at inferior margin it gives off marginal artery, at the posterior side it gives off posterior inter ventricular artery running in interventricular sulcus
63
Describe the left coronary artery circulation
It arise from the left aortic sinus, it soon splits into anterior inter ventricular artery running in inter ventricular sulcus and to circumflex artery running in the coronary sulcus
64
Name the two sulci present in heart
coronary sulcus (atrioventricular) and interventricular sulcus
65
Where are the coronary anastomoses and which arteries form them
Both on the posterior surface, right coronary artery and circumflex artery anastomose in the coronary sulcus, anterior and posterior inter ventricular arteries anastomose in the inter ventricular sulcus
66
Describe the venous drainage of the heart
There is great cardiac vein running alongside anterior inter ventricular artery, middle cardiac vein running along the posterior inter ventricular artery and small cardiac artery that runs along marginal artery, they all drain into coronary sinus that runs along circumflex artery into right atria, anterior cardiac veins that run along the RA drains directly to RA
67
Which parts of the heart are innervated by phrenic nerve?
Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium
68
Which parts of the heart are innervated by vagus nerve?
Vagus nerve innervates the heart muscles and visceral layer of pericardium, it contains the parasympathetic fibres
69
Which parts of the heart are innervated by sympathetic fibres?
Sympathetic fibres from cervical and thoracic region innervate the heart muscle and visceral layer of serous pericardium
70
What parts of the heart have pain fibres?
Fibrous and parietal pericardium
71
What is the difference between arteries and veins in terms of layers ?
arteries have thick tunica media, thin adventitia, but veins have thinner media and thicker tunica adventitia
72
What are the layers of blood vessels ?
Tunica intima (epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissue), tunica media (smooth muscles and elastic tissue), tunica adventitia (fibrous connective tissue)
73
Which type of blood vessels have the greatest cross sectional area?
capillaries
74
What are elastic arteries?
Arteries with many elastic fibres, they are large conducting vessels, aorta, pulmonary trunk and common carotid arteries are elastic arteries, they have elastic fibres dispersed in media layer, occlude the muscle cells
75
Where are secreted elastic fibres?
Elastic fibres are excreted by smooth muscles
76
Describe the aorta
Aorta is large elastic vessel, with many elastic fibres in the tunica media layer, elastic fibres obscure the smooth muscles, they enable elastic recoil and maintain the blood pressure
77
What are muscular arteries?
They are distributing vessels that carry blood around body from elastic arteries, they are smaller, have much less elastic fibres which are concentrated mainly in two layer, internal elastic lamina under epithelium and external elastic lamina between media and adventitia, no elastic fibres in media layer
78
What are arterioles?
Arterioles are terminal branches, supply blood to capillary beds and control the blood flow, they have tunica intimal with no internal elastic lamina, 1-2 layers of smooth muscles in the media layer, no tunica adventitia
79
Which type of arterial blood vessels have very rich innervation ?
Arterioles as they control the blood flow
80
What are capillaries?
Vessels that are the main change site for nutrients and gases, have tunica intimal only, simple single layer of endothelial cells (simple squamous) on basement membrane, do not have media or adventitia layer, have scattered pericytes around that have contractile properties
81
What are the three types of capillaries?
Continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous
82
Describe the continuous capillaries
Continuous capillaries do not have any gaps, just a single cell, they can control what is exchanged since it has to pass through cell or cell junction, can be found in muscles
83
Describe the discontinuous capillaries
These capillaries have gaps between the endothelial cells and basement membrane, there is no protein diaphragm, free passage, can be found in liver, spleen, bone marrow
84
Describe the fenestrated capillaries
They are intermediate type between continuous and discontinuous, they have little windows with or without protein diaphragm, it filters the molecules by charge and molecular weight, has little control over exchange, these can be of din kidneys
85
What are sinusoids?
Discontinuous capillaries with phagocytic cells in tunica intima, have large diameter, are found in locations where large amount of exchange is needed, found in liver, some endocrine glands
86
What is arteriovenous shunt?
Precapillary sphincters that can close and bypass the capillaries, used for thermoregulation
87
Describe the histology of veins
Veins have thin tunica intima layer, no elastic fibres or very thin and little in internal and external elastic laminas, tunica media is thin or absent, tunica adventitia is thicker and has collagen, they also have valves made from intimal layer to control blood flow
88
What is the difference between deep and superficial veins?
Deep veins are thin walled and are supported by the surrounding fascia, superficial are thicker, do not have any surrounding support, superficial eventually drain into deep veins
89
Describe the vessels of lymphatic system
They start as blind ended and form two vessels eventually, right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct, they are lined with very thin endothelium, absent or rudimentary basal lamina, no fenestration, have valves that direct the flow
90
Describe the anatomy of the lymphatic system
Blind-ended vessels drain fluid from capillaries to systemic circulation, they have nodes along the major veins and origins of major arteries, they have anchoring filaments that link endothelium to the surrounding tissue keeping the lumen open
91
What is the hydrostatic pressure in the lymphatic vessels ?
negative
92
Explain why blood vessels can be considered as an organ?
They are big and need their own blood supply, vasa varosum, they also have their own lymphatic drainage and nerve innervation
93
Describe the innervation to blood vessels based on location
Blood vessels going to skin have parasympathetic innervation, from the heart to organs sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Cardiovascular system (18 decks)

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