Anatomy of Cell I & II

Question 1

What is the general purpose of the nucleus?

Answer 1

House DNA
Produce mRNA
Site of Initial Ribosome Assembly

Question 2

What is the general purpose of the cytoplasm?

Answer 2

Provides an aqueous solution for cytosolic metabolic pathways

Question 3

What is the glycocalyx?

Answer 3

Surface layer of carbohydrates on the apical surface of epithelial cells

Question 4

What stain is used to ID glycocalyx?

Answer 4

PAS

Question 5

How does the glycocalyx help in the intestine?

Answer 5

Promotes bacterial attachment

Retains digestive enzymes

Question 6

What are 3 primary functions of the cell membrane

Answer 6

Cell Junctions
Cellular Communication
Signal Transduction

Question 7

What are 2 Barrier Functions of the membrane?

Answer 7

Hydrophobic Semi-permeable Barrier

Transport across the membrane

Question 8

What does vesicular transport require?

Answer 8

Conformational change of the membrane resulting in budding and vesicle formation.

Question 9

What are the 3 Types of Endocytosis?

Answer 9

Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Phagocytosis

Question 10

Describe Pinocytosis/Cell Drinking

Answer 10

Continuous uptake of fluid

Internalization of Membrane

Question 11

What is Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis used for?

Answer 11

Internalization of Specific Molecules

Question 12

What two things are required for Receptor Endocytosis?

Answer 12

Receptor Ligand Binding

Clathrin-coated vesicles

Question 13

How does Phagocytosis differ from Pinocytosis

Answer 13

Phagocytosis is the ingestion of large particles, like bacteria

Question 14

What cell types does phagocytosis occur in?

Answer 14

Macrophages & White Blood Cells

Question 15

What other terms can be related to phagocytosis

Answer 15

Opsonization

Antibody Binding

Question 16

What is the definition of exocytosis

Answer 16

The fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane and release of the vesicle contents to the extracellular space.

Question 17

What are the two types of exocytosis?

Answer 17

Constitutive

Regulated

Question 18

What is constitutive exocytosis

Answer 18

Continuous secretion process and insertion of new membrane

Question 19

What is regulated exocytosis?

Answer 19

Specific fusion and release that requires an extracellular signal

Question 20

What is a good example of a cell type that uses trancytosis?

Answer 20

Endothelial cells in blood vessels

Question 21

What is important to know about the nucleus from a staining standpoint?

Answer 21

It is basophilic due to the nucleic acids so it will stain a purple color.

Question 22

What can be estimated by the shape of the nucleus?

Answer 22

The shape of the cell.

Question 23

What is the primary function of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 23

Strict delineation of the nucleus form the cytoplasm

Question 24

How many membranes make up the nuclear envelope?

Answer 24

2

Question 25

What is the space inside (lumen) of the nuclear envelope membranes?

Answer 25

Perinuclear space

Question 26

With what organelle is the outer nuclear membrane continuous?

Answer 26

Rough ER

Question 27

What does the number of nuclear pores tell us about cell activity?

Answer 27

The more pores, the higher the activity level

Question 28

On the rough ER how can you identify high concentrations of Ribosomes?

Answer 28

They will stain as areas of basophilia

Question 29

What is the function of the RER?

Answer 29

Site of protein synthesis and SOME phospholipid synthesis

Question 30

What helps to determine the amount of RER in a cell?

Answer 30

Cell type and its activity level

Question 31

Is the smooth ER always continuous with the RER?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

What are the primary functions of the SER?

Answer 32

Tryglyceride, Cholesterol, Steroid Hormone Synth Detox Calcium Storage (Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Muscle)

Question 33

What is the term for a ribosome that is floating freely in the cytoplasm?

Answer 33

Polysome/Polyribosome

Question 34

What is the function of the ribosome?

Answer 34

Protein Synthesis

Question 35

What types of proteins are made on polysomes?

Answer 35

``` Cytoplasmic proteins (glycolytic enzymes) Mitochondrial proteins Nuclear proteins (e.g. histones, transcription factors) ```

Question 36

What types of proteins are made on RER ribosomes?

Answer 36

Proteins for secretion (hormones) Lysosomal enzymes Integral membrane proteins (channels, receptors) Resident proteins for ER/Golgi

Question 37

What other organelle is the Golgi usually located close to?

Answer 37

Nucleus

Question 38

Is the golgi continuous with the ER?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

What does the golgi do with ER products?

Answer 39

Modifies and packs them into vesicles

Question 40

How will a large golgi appear on the slides?

Answer 40

An unstained region, or a negative image

Question 41

What are Golgi hydrolase vesicles?

Answer 41

Pre-lysosomes

Question 42

What happens to Golgi vesicles once they deliver their product?

Answer 42

They return to the golgi for recycling

Question 43

Where do Golgi Hydrolase Vesicles form in the Golgi?

Answer 43

Trans-golgi network

Question 44

When a lysosome fuses with endosomes, phagosomes, or autosomes, what activates the hydrolase?

Answer 44

A decrease in the luminal pH of the lysosome

Question 45

What kind of pigment is contained in the residual bodies leftover by undigested "lysosome meals"

Answer 45

Lipofuscin

Question 46

What color is lipofuscin?

Answer 46

yellow-brown

Question 47

What types of cells are likely to have lots of lysosomes?

Answer 47

Macrophages | Neutrophils

Question 48

What is an example of normal programmed cell death?

Answer 48

Elimination of transitory organs and developmental tissue | Formation of digits

Question 49

What is the term for abnormal formation of digits?

Answer 49

Syndactyly

Question 50

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Answer 50

ATP production

Question 51

Which membrane forms the cristae of the mitochondria?

Answer 51

Inner membrane

Question 52

What is contained in the Matrix of the Mitochondria?

Answer 52

Calcium-granules | Mitochondrial DNA

Question 53

Is a lipid droplet a cell?

Answer 53

No, it has no membrane

Question 54

What is in a lipid droplet?

Answer 54

Cholesterol and Triglycerides

Question 55

What stain is absorbed by lipid droplets?

Answer 55

Osmium

Question 56

What is an adipocyte?

Answer 56

A Fat cell

Question 57

What is the storage form of Glucose?

Answer 57

Glycogen

Question 58

What stains is taken up by Glycogen?

Answer 58

PAS

Question 59

What can be said about Glycogen in terms of electron density and membrane structure?

Answer 59

Highly electron dense | No membrane

Question 60

What cells have the largest accumulations of glycogen

Answer 60

Striated Muscle | Liver

Question 61

What cells make melanin pigment?

Answer 61

Melanocytes

Question 62

What is a melanosome?

Answer 62

A membrane vesicle in the cytoplasm

Question 63

Where is it easy to find melanin?

Answer 63

Hair and Skin