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Reproduction > Anatomy of Female Reproductive System and Breast > Flashcards

Anatomy of Female Reproductive System and Breast Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the female reproductive system lie?

A

Within the bony pelvis and perineum

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2
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive system found in the pelvic cavity?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, superior vagina

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3
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive system found in the perineum?

A

Inferior vagina, perineal muscles, Bartholin’s glands, clitoris, labia

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4
Q

What does the inferior part of the parietal peritoneum form?

A

Floor of peritoneal cavity and roof over pelvic organs

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5
Q

What does the peritoneum cover?

A

Superior aspect organs

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6
Q

What pouches are formed by the peritoneum?

A

Vesico-uterine pouch and recto-uterine pouch (of Douglas)

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7
Q

Why does excess fluid within the peritoneal cavity tend to collect within the pouch of Douglas?

A

It’s the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in the anatomical position

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8
Q

How can fluid collection in the pouch of Douglas be drained?

A

Via a needle passed though the posterior fornix of the vagina

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9
Q

What is the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

Double layer of peritoneum = extends between uterus and lateral walls and floor of pelvis

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

Helps maintain uterus in its correct midline position

Contains uterine tubes and proximal part of round ligament

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11
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

Embryological remnant = attaches to lateral aspect of uterus

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12
Q

What does the round ligament of the uterus pass through?

A

Passes through deep inguinal ring to attach to superficial tissue of the female perineum

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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14
Q

Where does implantation of the zygote occur?

A

In the body of the uterus

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15
Q

What are the three levels of support that hold the uterus in place?

A

Number of strong ligaments (e.g uterosacral ligament)
Endopelvic fascia
Muscles of pelvic floor

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16
Q

What can weakness of the uterine supports cause?

A

Uterine prolapse = movement of the uterus inferiorly

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17
Q

What is the most common position for the uterus to be in?

A

Anteverted and anteflexed

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18
Q

What is an anteverted uterine position?

A

Cervix tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina

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19
Q

What is anteflexed uterine position?

A

Uterus tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the cervix

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20
Q

What is a normal variation of the position of the uterus?

A

Retroverted and retroflexed

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21
Q

What is a retroverted uterine position?

A

Cervix tipped posteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina

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22
Q

What is a retroflexed uterine position?

A

Uterus tipped posteriorly relative to the axis of cervix

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23
Q

What are some features of a cervical screening?

A

Walls of the vagina are usually collapsed
Clinician must be able to see cervix
Must sample the squamocolumnar junction

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24
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tubes

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25
Do the uterine tubes lie symmetrically?
No, not usually
26
What is a bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy?
Removal of the uterine tubes and ovaries
27
Where do the fimbriated ends of the uterine tubes open into?
The peritoneal cavity = allows communication between genital tract and peritoneal cavity
28
What does the communication between the uterine tubes and the peritoneal cavity mean?
Infection can pass between the two areas = pelvic inflammatory disease can cause peritonitis, ectopic pregnancy can develop into peritoneal cavity
29
What size are the ovaries?
Almond sized and shaped = located laterally in pelvic cavity
30
What do the ovaries secrete?
Oestrogen and progesterone = occurs in response to LH and FSH
31
Where do the ovaries develop?
On posterior abdominal wall = move onto lateral wall of the pelvis
32
What do the ovaries do in post-pubertal women?
Release an ovum once a month directly into the peritoneal cavity to be picked up by the fimbriae of the uterine tube
33
What is the vagina?
Muscular tube = walls are normally in contact
34
Where are the walls of the vagina always held apart?
In the superior aspect = held apart by cervix to form fornix
35
What are the parts of the fornix?
Anterior, posterior, lateral x2
36
Where can the ischial spines be palpated during a vaginal digital examination?
Laterally and in the 4 and 8 o'clock positions
37
How is the position of the uterus palpated during a vaginal digital examination?
Assessed by bimanual palpation
38
What is palpated in a palpation of the adnexae during a vaginal digital examination?
Uterine tubes and ovaries = can detect large masses or tenderness affecting these structures
39
How are the adnexae palpated?
Place examining fingers into lateral fornix and press deeply with other hand in iliac fossa on same side = repeat on other side
40
What is the perineum?
Shallow space between pelvic diaphragm and skin = divided into superficial and deep pouches
41
What does the pelvic diaphragm form?
The floor of the pelvis but the roof of the perineum
42
Where are the openings of the perineum located?
In the pelvic floor
43
What structures make up the urogenital triangle?
Ischial spine x2 and pubic symphysis
44
What structures make up the anal triangle?
Ischial spine x2 and the coccyx
45
What is the levator ani?
Skeletal muscle = made up of smaller muscles, under voluntary control
46
What does the levator ani form?
Majority of the pelvic floor
47
What is the function of the levator ani?
Provides continual support for pelvic organs = tonic contraction, reflexively contracts further during situations of increased intra-abdominal pressure
48
What nerve innervates the levator ani?
Nerve to levator ani = consists of S3-5 and sacral plexus fibres
49
What are some features of the perineal muscles?
Superficial and deep | Supplied by pudendal nerve
50
What is the perineal body?
Bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue into which perineal muscles attach = located just deep to skin
51
What is the function of the perineal body?
Important to pelvic floor strength = can be disrupted during labour
52
Where is the Bartholin's gland located?
Under the labia minus on either side
53
Where does the bed of the breast extend?
From ribs 2-6 | Lateral border of sternum to mid-axillary line
54
Where do the breasts lie?
On deep fascia covering pectoralis major and serratus anterior
55
Where is the retromammary space located?
Between fascia and breast
56
What attaches the breast to the skin?
Suspensory ligaments
57
What are the quadrants of the breast?
Upper outer, upper inner, lower outer, lower inner
58
How is the position of a lump on the breast described?
In relation to the 4 quadrants or a clock face
59
How do you assess whether a lump on the breast is fixed to underlying tissue?
Ask the patient to place hands firmly on hips = contracts the pectoral muscles
60
What areas should be assessed of you find a lump on the breast?
Both the axilla and supraclavicular areas
61
Where does most lymph from the breast drain to?
>75% drains to ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes then to the supraclavicular nodes
62
Where can lymph from the inner breast quadrants drain to?
Parasternal lymph nodes
63
Where can lymph from the lower inner breast drain to?
Abdominal lymph nodes
64
What other body parts drain their lymph into the axillary nodes?
The upper limbs
65
What is the axilla?
Pyramidal passageway between arm and chest
66
What does the axilla contain?
Brachial plexus branches, axillary artery and vein, axillary lymph nodes
67
What do breast surgeons use levels of axillary node clearance to describe?
The extent of axillary node clearance
68
What is the position of each level of axillary node clearance described in relation to?
Pectoralis minor
69
What are the levels of axillary node clearance?
Level I = inferior and lateral to pectoralis minor Level II = deep to pectoralis minor Level III = superior and medial to pectoralis minor

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