Anatomy Of Flowering Plants

Question 1

What are simple tissue
State it’s examples

Answer 1

Simple tissues are made up of only one type of cells
Example parenchyma collenchyma and sclerenchyma

Question 2

What are complex tissues
Give examples

Answer 2

Complex tissues are made up of different types of cells working together as a unitt
Example xylem phloem and tracheids

Question 3

Define parenchyma

Answer 3

They form the major component of the organs
They are isodiametric they may be spherical, round ,oval, polygonal or elongated in shape. They are packed or have small intercellular space between them. The walls are made up of cellulose

Question 4

Functions of parenchyma

Answer 4

They perform photosynthesis, storage and secretion

Question 5

Describe collenchyma

Answer 5

They occur below the epidermis in most dicotyledonous plants found as homogeneous layer ir as patches cell walls are much thickened due to deposition of cellulose pectin and hemicellulose
They are oval spherical or polygonal in shape. Intercellular spaces are absent

Question 6

Functions of collenchyma

Answer 6

It provides mechanical support to growing parts of the plant such as young stem and petiole

Question 7

Define sclerenchyma

Answer 7

They are long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls. They are dead cells and usually do not have protoplasts

Question 8

What are the two types of sclerenchyma and define them and state location and functions

Answer 8

Fibre:thick walled elongated pointed cells with few or numerous pits and occuring groups in different parts of the plant

Sclereids: are oval spherical or cylindrical highly thick walled dead cells with very narrow cavity called lumen

Found in walls of nuts pulp of fruits
Gives mechanical support to organs

Question 9

Define xylem and it’s different types

Answer 9

Xylem is a conducting tissue for water and minerals from roots to different parts of the plant
It also provides mechanical support to plant parts
Xylem is composed of: tracheids
Xylem fibres
Vessels
Xylem parenchyma

Question 10

Define xylem and it’s different types

Answer 10

Xylem is a conducting tissue for water and minerals from roots to different parts of the plant
It also provides mechanical support to plant parts
Xylem is composed of: tracheids
Xylem fibres
Vessels
Xylem parenchyma

Question 11

_____ lacks vessels in their xylem

Answer 11

Gymnosperms

Question 12

Define tracheids

Answer 12

Tracheids are elongated or tube like cells which have thick and lignified walls and tapering ends. The inner layers of the cell walls are thickened and may vary in forms these are dead cells without protoplasm

Question 13

Tracheids and vessels are the main elements of transport system in_____

Answer 13

Flowering plants

Question 14

Define vessels

Answer 14

It is a long cylindrical tube like structure made up of many cells called vessel members each with lignified cell walls and a large central cavity they do not have protoplasm the vessels are interconnected by perforations in their common walls.

Question 15

Presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of _____

Answer 15

Angiosperms

Question 16

Define xylem fibres

Answer 16

Xylem fibres have highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumens. They may be either septate or aseptate

Question 17

Define xylem parenchyma

Answer 17

These are living and thin walled cells and are made up of cellulose they store food material in the form of starch or fat and other substances like tannis, radia

Question 18

Conduction of water takes place by____

Answer 18

Ray parenchyma

Question 19

State the two types of primary xylem and define them

Answer 19

Primary xylem is of two types
Protoxylem: first formed primary xylem elements
Mataxylem: the later formed primary xylem elements

Question 20

What is the arrangement of xylem in stems

Answer 20

The protoxylem lies towards the centre or pith and mate xylem towards the periphery of the organ
This is called endorch

Question 21

Define the arrangement of xylem in roots

Answer 21

The proto xylem lies towards the periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre of the organ tis is called exarch

Question 22

According to their functions tissues are broadly classified into

Answer 22

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Neural tissue

Question 23

What are the two main characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 23

This tissue has a free surface which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment and thus provides a covering or a lining for some part of the body

The cells are compactly packed with Little intercellular matrix

Question 24

Differentiate between simple epithelial tissue and compound epithelial tissue

Answer 24

Simple epithelial tissue is composed of a single layer of cells … Compound epithelial tissue is composed of two or more layers of cells

Simple serves as a lining for body cavities,ducts and tubes…. Compound is protective in function

Question 25

Simple epithelial tissue can be divided in

Answer 25

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

Question 26

Squamous epithelium

Answer 26

Is made up of a single -thin layer of flatterned cells with irregular boundaries they are found in walls of blood vessels and aur sacks of the lungs Functions ... They form a diffusion boundary

Question 27

Cuboidal epithelium

Answer 27

It consists of cube like cells It is found in the ducts of glands and the tabular parts of the nephron Function... They carry out secretion and absorption

Question 28

Columnar epithelium

Answer 28

Consist of a single layer of tall and slender cells and their nuclei are located at the base their free surface may be microvilli Found in lining of instestine stomach and colon Functions.... Carry out secretion and absorption

Question 29

What is ciliated epithelium? Give its location and functions

Answer 29

If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface they are called ciliated epithelium. They are found in the inner lining surface of hollow organs such as bronchioles and fallopian tubes. It helps to move particles such as ovum zygote mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium

Question 30

What are granular epithelium

Answer 30

Some of the columnar of cuboidal cells get specialised for secretion and are called glandular epithelium

Question 31

What are the two types of glandular epithelium

Answer 31

Unicellular consists of isolated or single glandular cells ex goblet cells of alimentary canal Multicellular consists of a cluster or group of cells involved in secretion ex salivary glands

Question 32

What are exocrine glands

Answer 32

These glands release their secretions through ducts or tubes The secretions released could be mucus saliva ear wax sebum milk digestive enzymes

Question 33

What are endocrine glands

Answer 33

These are ductless glands The secretions are called hormones and they are poured directly into the blood or the fluid surrounding the gland

Question 34

What is compound epithelium

Answer 34

Epithelium that is made up of more than one layer of cells is called compound epithelium

Question 35

Location of compound epithelium

Answer 35

Cover the dry surface of skin, moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and of pancreatic glands

Question 36

Functions of compound epithelium

Answer 36

Function is to provide protection against mechanical and chemical stresses they have limited role in secretion and absorption

Question 37

Define junctions

Answer 37

Structural and functional links between individual cells of animal tissues are called junctions

Question 38

What are the three types of junctions and define them

Answer 38

Tight junction: they help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue Adhering junctions: act as sementing material holding neighbouring cells together Gap junctions: help the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells for rapid transfer of ions small molecules and sometimes big molecules

Question 39

What is the most abundant tissue found in animals

Answer 39

Connective tissue

Question 40

What is the function of connective tissue

Answer 40

To link or bind different tissues or organs To provide the structural framework or mechanical support to the body Involved in body defence, tissues repair , fat storage

Question 41

Parts of connective tissue

Answer 41

Cells ... Secrete protein fibres , that are loosely arranged in the Matrix Extracellular matrix .... Which is made up of fibres, amosphous ground substance and tissue fluid

Question 42

Types of connective tissue

Answer 42

Loose Connective tissue Dense connective tissue Specialised Connective tissue

Question 43

Loose Connective tissue with example

Answer 43

Consist of cells and fibres loosely arranged in a semi fluid ground substance Eh areolar tissue Adipose tissue

Question 44

Areolar tissue

Answer 44

It is present beneath the skin It serves as a support framework for the appipilium Ut contains fibroblast, marcrophages and mass cells

Question 45

Adipose tissue

Answer 45

It is located beneath the skin The cells of these tissue store fats The excess of nutrients which are not used imitrallu are converted into fats and are stored in this tissue