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Flashcards in Anatomy of Heart Deck (33)
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1
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium

2. Serous Pericardium (visceral [epicardium], pericardial cavity, parietal layer)

2
Q

What are the two pericardial reflections and their location?

A
  1. Traverse sinus –> anterior to superior vena cava, posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk
  2. Oblique Sinus –> posterior of heart
3
Q

Where do pericardial effusions originate?

A

fluids from pericardial capillaries collects in the pericardial cavity

4
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

excessive fluid accumulation that exerts pressure on the heart, thus affecting heart activity

5
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The mediastinum is the area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, part of the windpipe (the trachea), the esophagus, and the great vessels including the ascending aorta.

6
Q

Which side of the hear faces anteriorly?

A

Right side

7
Q

What sulci separates atrium from ventricle, and anterior from posterior?

A

Atrium/ventricle: coronary sulci

Anterior/posterior: anterior-posterior intraventricular sulci

8
Q

What are the surfaces of the heart?

A
  1. sternocostal
  2. pulmonary
  3. diaphragmatic
9
Q

What are the Great Vessels of the heart?

A

A) Venous (superior, and inferior vena cava)
B) Arterial
1. aortic arch (brachiocephalic trunk [right carotid and subclavin aa], left common carotid artery, and left subclavian)
2. pulmonary trunk

10
Q

List the steps in the circulation of blood:

A

right atrium (deoxygenated blood) –> tricuspid valve –>
right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary trunk –>
pulmonary arteries –> lungs ! pulmonary veins –> left
atrium (oxygenated blood) –> mitral valve –> left ventricle
–> aortic valve –> ascending aorta –> aortic arch –>
descending aorta –> body tissues –> venous system –>
superior and inferior vena cavae –> right atrium

11
Q

Which septums separate atrias, and ventricles?

A

Atria –> interatrial septum

Ventricles –> interventricular septum

12
Q

What are some features of the atrioventricular valves?

A

valves connected by fibrous tissue called chordae tendinae which in turn are held by papillary muscles

13
Q

True or False: atrial walls are thicker than ventricles

A

false

14
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall?

A

left

15
Q

What are the arteries that supply the heart?

A
  1. Right coronary artery (sinuatrial, marginal, posterior interventricular artery, atrioventricular node artery)
  2. Left coronary artery (anterior interventicular artery, circumflex artery)
16
Q

True or False: left dominance for coronary artery distribution dominates

A

False: right dominant (50%), left dominant (20%), balanced (30%)

17
Q

What does coronary dominance reflect?

A

reflects the coronary artery that supplies the posterior interventricular artery

18
Q

Where do coronary arteries originate from?

A

aortic sinus (ie. aortic valve cusp)

19
Q

What are the cardiac veins?

A
  1. Coronary sinus (all major veins drain to it)
  2. Great cardiac vein (continuation laterally of the sinus)
  3. Middle cardiac vein
  4. Small cardiac vein
  5. Venae cordae minimae
20
Q

Where are the pre-ganglionionic sympathetic cell bodies are located that innervates the heart.

A

T1-T5

21
Q

Which ganglia of post-ganglionic neurons innervate the heart?

A

superior, middle, and posterior cervical ganglia

22
Q

Which parasympathetic nerve innervates the heart and what’s the effect?

A

fibres carried by the Vagus n. (CN X); decreases the rate and strength of cardiac contraction

23
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?

A

sinuatrial node and it is located in the wall of the right atrium

24
Q

True or False: the sinuatrial node receives only parasympathetic input

A

False: both sympathetic and parasympathetic

25
Q

What consists of the atrioventricular node?

A

a) atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
b) right and left bundle branches
c) moderator band (at the right branch)
d) Purkinje fibres in the ventricular walls

26
Q

What are the two normal heart sounds and what does each represent?

A

Lub - closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
- represents beginning of ventricular systole
Dub - closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
- represents the beginning of ventricular diastole

27
Q

Where are the locations of the valves in relation to the thoracic landmarks?

A
  • aortic valve - 2nd intercostal space adjacent to sternum on the right side
  • pulmonary valve - 2nd intercostal space adjacent to sternum on the left side
  • tricuspid valve - 5th intercostal space adjacent to sternum on either left or right side
  • mitral valve - 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line, left side
28
Q

In descending likelihood, which are arteries have higher rate of occlusion?

A

LAD; RCA; LCX

29
Q

What holds leaflet of valves?

A

chordae tendinae that are anchored to 2 papillary muscles (anterolateral and posteromedial)

30
Q

Which papillary muscle is prone to ischemia and why?

A

PM because it has only single blood supply (RCA [orLCX]) as opposed to AL that has two (LAD/LCX)

–> can lead to PM rupture –> severe mitral regurgitation –> acute heart failure

31
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

mediastinum

32
Q

What consists of the epicardium?

A

epicardium and visceral layer

33
Q

What are the vessels that perfuse the tunica externa?

A

vasa vasorum