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1 neuro > anatomy of lobes, meninges, ventricles, CSF outflow, cerebellum > Flashcards

anatomy of lobes, meninges, ventricles, CSF outflow, cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major functions of the meninges?

A
  1. support for brain & vasculature

2. acting with CSF to protect brain from mechanical damage

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2
Q

what are the 2 layers or the dura mater?

A
  1. periosteal (superficial)
  2. meningeal (deep)

tough fibrous layers

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3
Q

what are 2 important structures formed from dura?

A
  • falx cerebri

- tentorium cerebelli

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4
Q

where does the falx cerebri lie?

A
  • lies between the 2 hemispheres within the longitudinal fissure
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5
Q

where does the tentorium cerebelli lie?

A
  • forms a roof over the posterior cranial fossa and the cerebellum
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6
Q

which meninges layer contains no blood vessels or nerve?

A

the arachnoid mater

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7
Q

what structures can be found within the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
blood vessels
the circle of willis - within the subarachnoid interpeduncular cistern

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8
Q

describe the pia mater

A
  • adherent with the gyri

- highly vascularised

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9
Q

what is the choroid plexus?

A
  • is a secretory tissue
  • found in each of the brain ventricles,
  • the main function is to produce CSF
  • by ependymal cells
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10
Q

within which ventricle is the majority of CSF produced?

A

the lateral ventricles

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11
Q

describe the order of CSF drainage

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. Interventricular Foramen of Munroe
  3. 3rd ventricle
  4. drains down the Cerebral Aqueduct
  5. 4th ventricle
  6. goes through these 2 openings:
    • the medianForamen of Magendie
    • the lateralForamina of Luschka
  7. into subarachnoid space
  8. into dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations
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12
Q

what are the parts of the the lateral ventricles

A

looking front on

  • anterior horn
  • inferior horn

at the back
- posterior horn

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13
Q

what is the CSF-brain barrier

A

a barrierformed by tight junctions between neighbouring choroid plexus epithelial cells (ependymal cells)

a physical barrier to regulate the movement between ventricles and brain

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14
Q

what are the arachnoid granulations?

A
  • essentially valves between the subarachnoid space and dural spaces
  • allows CSF to be reabsorbed
  • they are aged/calcified tufts of arachnoid mater villi
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15
Q

how does CSF flow in the right direction ?

A

due to pressure gradient

high pressure in ventricles, pushes CSF into subarachnoid space which has a lower pressure

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16
Q

which sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

the central sulcus

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17
Q

which sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

the lateral sulcus

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18
Q

what are the functions carried out by the frontal lobe?

A

Motor control, problem solving,

speech production, personality

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19
Q

what are the functions carried out by the parietal lobe?

A

Touch perception, sensory
discrimination and
proprioception

20
Q

what are the functions carried out by the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, emotion

21
Q

what are the functions carried out by the occipital lobe?

A

sight , visual reception and interpretation

22
Q

what are the functions carried out by the cerebellum?

A

Balance and coordination

23
Q

describe where the primary motor cortex lies?

A

frontal lobe, within pre central gyrus

24
Q

within which lobe lies the primary and secondary auditory cortices?

A

temporal

25
Q

within which lobe lies the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

parietal lobe, on post central gyrus

26
Q

within which lobe lies the primary and secondary visual cortices?

A

occipital

27
Q

what and where is the insulur cortex?

what are the 3 functions its involved in?

A
  • a portion of the cerebral cortex
  • folded deep within the lateral sulcus
  • involved in
    1. sensory processing,
    2. decision-making,
    3. motor control.
28
Q

Brocas area

where?
function?
symptoms if damaged

A
  • frontal lobe
  • normally on left hemisphere
  • language production (MOTOR, control of mouth and laryngeal muscles)
  • Brocas aphasia (patient CAN understand but CANNOT pronounce)
29
Q

wernickes area

where?
function?
symptoms if damaged

A
  • at back of lateral sulcus, back of temporal lobe
  • language comprehension (speech and written)
  • Wernicke’s aphasia (scrambled speech, can’t understand speech and writing)
30
Q

are brocas and wernickes areas paired structures?

A

no
only on 1 side of brain
normally on left as its dominant.

31
Q

what are the 3 sections of the brain ?

A
  1. the hindbrain → rhombencephalon
  2. the midbrain → mesencephalon
  3. the forebrain → prosencephalon (majority of brain)
32
Q

what are the 2 subsections of the forebrain?

A

prosencephalon:

  • telencephalon (majority of cerebral hemispheres)
  • diencephalon ( contains thalamus & hypothalamus
33
Q

what are the 2 subsections of the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon:

  • tectum (dorsal to cerebral aquaduct)
  • the cerebral peduncle (ventral to cerebral aqueduct)
34
Q

what does the tectum contain?

A

tectum = part of midbrain dorsal/above the cerebral aqueduct

  • contains superior and inferior colliculi
35
Q

what does the cerebral peduncle contain?

A

cerebral peduncle = part of midbrain ventral/below the cerebral aqueduct

  1. tegmentum - dorsal, contains red nuclei & oculomotor nerves
  2. crus cerebri - ventral, sectioned off by substantia nigra, contains motor tracts
36
Q

what are the operculum?

A

the parts of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes that overlie the insula.

inside lateral sulcus

look like lips

can open them up to see into the insula

37
Q

what section of the brain is the cerebellum in ?

A

hindbrain

inferior to occipital and temporal lobes

within posterior cranial fossa

38
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

MOTOR
- the coordination, precision and timing of movements

  • and for motor learning
39
Q

name the midline that separates the 2 ovoid hemispheres of the ‘little brain’

A

the vermis

40
Q

is the cerebellum made of grey or white matter?

A

both:

grey - surface, forms cerebellar cortex

white - inner core, holds the 4 cerebellar nuclei

41
Q

are there more neurones in the cerebrum or cerebellum?

A

more in cerebellum (90%)

42
Q

what are the 2 main fissures in the cerebellum?

A
  • primary fissure

- horizontal fissure

43
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum ?

A
  • anterior lobe
  • posterior lobe
  • flocculonodular
44
Q

what are the 3 zones of the cerebellum?

A
  • the vermis
  • the intermediate zone
  • the lateral hemispheres
45
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier? what is its purpose?

A
  • physical barrier
  • that limits the ability of molecules to pass between the blood and the CNS
  • in order to protect the tissue from toxic substances
46
Q

what are the 4 key features of the blood brain barrier?

A
  • endothelial cell tight jucntions
  • lack of BM fenestrations (holes)
  • astroctyres end feet
  • perictyes
47
Q

what is another name for the floor of the IVth ventricle?

A

the rhomboid fossa because diamond shaped

1 neuro (2 decks)

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