Anatomy of nervous system

Question 1

What are the layers that protect CNS?

Answer 1

1. Cranium bones (joined by fibrous joints)
2. Dura Mater
3. Subdural space
4. Subarachnoid space (with arachnoid membrane and cerebrospinal fluid)
5. Pia mater

Question 2

What is the purpose of CSF?

Answer 2

To protect brain and spinal cord by cushioning but also to provide chemical protection through highly regulated ion balance

Question 3

How many ventricles in the brain?

Answer 3

4 in total,

(First and second are lateral) plus the central canal

Question 4

What is the volume of the cranium

Answer 4

1.4 litre ( 0.4 litre of fluid)

Question 5

What are the fluids in the brain?

Answer 5

• Blood
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• interstitial fluid (pia mater)

Question 6

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 6

In the choroid plexus (walls of ventricles

Question 7

What is the choroid plexus made of ?

Answer 7

Transporting epithelia derived from ependymal cells and capillaries

Question 8

Where is CSF reabsorbed in the blood?

Answer 8

In villi , fingerlike projections of the subarachnoid space towards the ventricles

Question 9

Where is blood-brain barrier absent?

Answer 9

In hypothalamus to allow for neurosecretory hormone secretion and vomiting centre of medulla which monitors blood for toxins

Question 10

Explain development of the brain in embryo

Answer 10

Firstly nervous system consists of the neural plate which enlarges to become the neural tube. This further expands and the front part will become brain whereas the back will extend and become spinal cord.

Question 11

What is lishencephaly?

Answer 11

A set of conditions that make the brain smooth

Question 12

What does the corpus callosum contain ?

Answer 12

Several myelinated axons

Question 13

What is frontal lobe ?

Answer 13

Motor cortex (voluntary)

Question 14

What is parietal and occipital lobes?

Answer 14

Integrating centres for sensory information. Occipital for visual information

Question 15

What is function of temporal lobe?

Answer 15

Auditory and olfactory information handling

Question 16

What is the homeostatic centre in the brain?

Answer 16

Hypothalamus

Question 17

What is one of the main function of the pituitary gland?

Answer 17

Secrete hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 18

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Answer 18

Production of melatonin

Question 19

What is the function of cerebellum?

Answer 19

Involved in movement, particularly balance and postures since it obtains information from vestibular organs in the ear and from frontal cortex

Question 20

What is the function of the pons?

Answer 20

Plays a part in breathing reflexes

Question 21

What does medulla control?

Answer 21

Swallowing/vomiting reflexes

Question 22

What root of the spinal cord is for sensory information?

Answer 22

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 23

What root of the spinal cord is for motor information?

Answer 23

Ventral root

Question 24

What is neurotransmitter for somatic motor neurons?

Answer 24

AcetylCholine

Question 25

What is receptor for somatic motor neurons?

Answer 25

Nicotinic ACh receptor

Question 26

How many molecules does one ACh receptor bind ?

Answer 26

2

Question 27

What type of receptor is ACh?

Answer 27

Pentameric

Question 28

In what region of the spinal cord do sympathetic neurons originate?

Answer 28

From the thoracic and lumbar regions

Question 29

In what region of the spinal cord do parasympathetic neurons originate?

Answer 29

Brain stem or sacral region

Question 30

How many neurons involved in autonomic pathway?

Answer 30

``` 2: One preganglionic(CNS-ganglion) and one postganglionic (ganglion-organ). These are longer in symp. and shorter in parasympathetic. ```

Question 31

What neurotransmitter and receptor are used in ganglion of sympathetic system?

Answer 31

Ach to Nicotinic ACh receptor (same as parasympathetic )

Question 32

What neurotransmitter and receptor are used in ganglion of sympathetic system?

Answer 32

Ach to Nicotinic ACh receptor (same as sympathetic )

Question 33

What neurotransmitter and receptor are used in postganglionic part of sympathetic system?

Answer 33

Noradrenalin to Adrenergic receptor

Question 34

What neurotransmitter and receptor are used in postganglionic part of parasympathetic system?

Answer 34

ACh to Muscarinic ACh receptor

Question 35

What is a peculiar feature of autonomic synapse?

Answer 35

The presynaptic axon ends in varicosities which contain synaptic vesicles and allow for a diffused secretion of neurotransmitters in the muscle cells