anatomy of nervous system

Question 1

what does somatic mean

Answer 1

in relation to the body walls

Question 2

what does viscera mean

Answer 2

in relation to the body itself (e.g. its organs)

Question 3

What does efferent mean

Answer 3

in relation to fibres, away from the CNS exiting the spinal cord towards the periphery

Question 4

what does afferent mean

Answer 4

in relation to fibres, towards the CNS entering the spinal cord

Question 5

what four things can the nervous system broken down into

Answer 5

autonomic
somatic
central
peripheral

Question 6

describe what is meant by the peripheral nervous system

Answer 6

including the cranial and spinal nerves

Question 7

describe what is meant by the central nervous system

Answer 7

including the brain and spine

Question 8

describe what is meant by the autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

the involuntary system
involves viscera (cardiac and smooth muscle)

Question 9

what does the autonomic nervous system divide into, describe them

Answer 9

the autonomic motor (visceral efferent) and autonomic sensory (visceral afferent)

Question 10

what does the autonomic motor nervous system divide into, describe them

Answer 10

sympathetic (fight or flight)

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Question 11

describe what the autonomic somatic nervous system is

Answer 11

voluntary
targets body wall (skeletal muscle)
provides general sensation

Question 12

what does the autonomic somatic nervous system divide into/describe them

Answer 12

motor (somatic efferent)

sensory (somatic afferent)

Question 13

Where is the cell body of a neurone located in the CNS

Answer 13

in the nucleus

Question 14

where is a cell body of a neurone located in the PNS

Answer 14

in the ganglion

Question 15

Where are multipolar neurones found & what are they

Answer 15

in the somatic and autonomic nervous system

they are motor/efferent

Question 16

where are pseudounipolar neurones found & what are they

Answer 16

in the somatic and autonomic nervous system

they are sensory/afferent

Question 17

define gyrus

Answer 17

ridge in the brain

Question 18

define sulcus

Answer 18

a cleft or groove in the brain

Question 19

define central sulcus

Answer 19

important landmark in the brain, separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 20

what is role of the central sulcus

Answer 20

controls movement

Question 21

what is the role of the frontal lobe

Answer 21

intellect, judgement and behaviour

Question 22

what is the role of the anterior compartment of the temporal lobe

Answer 22

memory and emotion

Question 23

what is the role of the posterior compartment of the temporal lobe

Answer 23

hearing

Question 24

what is the role of the occipital lobe

Answer 24

vision

Question 25

what is the role of the parietal lobe

Answer 25

perception of sensation

Question 26

Name the parts of the midbrain

Answer 26

brain stem corpus callosum cerebellum

Question 27

what is the role of the brain stem

Answer 27

contain the centres for vital life, cranial nerves arise from here

Question 28

what is the role of the cerebellum

Answer 28

fine control of movement, balance and coordination

Question 29

what is the role of the corpus callosum

Answer 29

conveys messages between the right and left hemispheres

Question 30

what are ventricles in the brain

Answer 30

spaces, contain cerebrospinal fluid

Question 31

how many ventricles in the brain

Answer 31

four

Question 32

what are meninges

Answer 32

coverings of the brain

Question 33

what are the three meninges

Answer 33

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 34

what is the dura mater

Answer 34

``` first layer of meninges tough & solid covers the entire surface separates the cerebellum & cerebrum in vertebral canal space called extra dura/epidural space exists outside the due mater ```

Question 35

what is the arachnoid mater

Answer 35

next layer after dura mater | beneath this layer you have the subarachnoid space which contains vasculature and CSF

Question 36

what is the Pia mater

Answer 36

more closely associated with the brain and spinal cord

Question 37

where does the spinal cord begin

Answer 37

at the foramen magnum

Question 38

what is the cauda equina

Answer 38

where the spinal cord ends (L1/L2) rootlets of spinal nerves hangs like a horses tail

Question 39

what does white matter contain

Answer 39

axons (conducting system of spinal cord

Question 40

what does grey matter contain

Answer 40

axons, dendrites and cell bodies

Question 41

in the somatic nervous system how many neurones are there between the CNS and effector/receptor

Answer 41

one

Question 42

Where do somatic sensory neurones end

Answer 42

in the dorsal horn

Question 43

where do somatic motor neurones start

Answer 43

in the ventral horn

Question 44

where does the spinal nerve pass through in the vertebral column

Answer 44

through the intervertebral foramen

Question 45

what does the spinal nerve split into

Answer 45

the ventral ramus and dorsal ramus

Question 46

describe the dorsal ramus

Answer 46

sensation from skin down the centre of the back | dorsal root has a swelling where the psuedounipolar neurones cell body is

Question 47

describe the ventral ramus

Answer 47

responsible for other musculature larger of the two rami can form large plexuses for limbs

Question 48

how many neurones are present between the CNS and target organ in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 48

two

Question 49

do you find parasympathetic fibres in the limb

Answer 49

no

Question 50

what does the vagus nerve carry and where does it arise from

Answer 50

parasympathetic fibres to the heart and majority of the gut | arises from the brainstem

Question 51

what does the pelvic sphlanchnic nerve and where does it arise from

Answer 51

carries parasympathetic fibres to the pelvic organs and distal end of the gut arises from sacral spinal cord (S2,3,4)

Question 52

how many neurones are present between the CNS and target organ in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 52

two

Question 53

where can you find sympathetic fibres in the body

Answer 53

in the limbs | supply muscle in blood vessels, glands, erector pilli muscles in the skin

Question 54

where do sympathetic fibres arise from

Answer 54

from T1-L2 (thoracolumbar outflow)

Question 55

where is the lateral horn present from

Answer 55

T1-L2 because that's where sympathetic fibres come out of (thoracolumbar outflow)

Question 56

what do grey & white rami communications do

Answer 56

carry sympathetic neurones between the spinal nerve and sympathetic chain

Question 57

what is the sympathetic chain

Answer 57

vertical line of connected sympathetic ganglia (paravertebral ganglion)

Question 58

what happens if supplying sympathetic innervation to the limbs or body walls and where do they synapse

Answer 58

the sympathetic fibres have to go back up the sympathetic chain as they chain only exit through the ventral/dorsal rami synapse at the paravertebral ganglia

Question 59

what happens if supplying sympathetic innervation to the cardio-thoracic organs and head&neck organs and glands and where do they synapse

Answer 59

goes into the sympathetic chain via the paravertebral ganglia and does not return goes out as a sphlanchnic nerve synapses at the paravertebral ganglia (not necessarily on the same level it started at) called postganglionic

Question 60

what happens if supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdominopelvic organs and where do they synapse

Answer 60

synapse in the prevertebral ganglia (in front of the vertebrae) called preganglionic