Anatomy of Systems Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
If the spine doesn’t look straight from the front, what disease is it?
A
Scoliosis
2
Q
What is the difference between:
a) Lordotic curve
b) Kyphotic curve
A
a) Concave posteriorly
b) Concave anteriorly
3
Q
Where are lordotic and kyphotic curves found?
A
Lordotic - Cervical + lumbar
Kyphotic - Thoracic + Sacral/Coccyx
4
Q
What are the 9 features of a typical vertebrae?
A
Spinous process
Lamina - facets attach to this
Pedicle - posterior arch attaches to body
Vertebral foramen/canal - spinal cord passes
Transverse processes
Superior + Inferior articular facet
Superior + Inferior vertebral notch
5
Q
What materials make up the outer and inner of the vertebral body?
(How is inner organised?)
A
Outer - Cortical bone
Inner - trabecular,
channels between filled with blood to absorb load
6
Q
What is another name for the pars interarticularis?
A
Lamina
7
Q
What do the paired superior and inferior articular processes bear?
A
Synovial joints
8
Q
What is the key feature of cervical vertebrae?
A
Foramen in transverse process where vertebral artery comes up
Nutrients for posterior aspect brain
Bifid spinous process
9
Q
What is the name of the 1st cervical vertebrae and what’s its key feature?
A
Atlas
No body
10
Q
What is the name of the 2nd cervical vertebrae and what’s its key feature?
(How supported?)
A
Axis
Extra vertical projection - dens (odontoid process)
Goes upwards and represents body of atlas
Transverse ligament
11
Q
What is the key feature of thoracic vertebrae?
A
Superior + inferior articular facets for ribs
12
Q
What restricts movement of thoracic region?
A
Ribs
13
Q
How can you distinguish upper and lower lumbar vertebrae?
A
Upper - oval shaped foramen
Lower - triangular shaped foramen
14
Q
How is sacrum formed?
A
Triangular bone by fusion of 5 vertebrae by age 25
15
Q
How is coccyx formed?
A
4 rudimentary vertebrae that fuse
16
Q
What enters through the fused foramen of sacrum?
A
Sacral nerves
17
Q
What joint is present at the ala (wing) of sacrum?
A
Synovial joint that articulates with hip bone
18
Q
What is the posterior aspect of the sacroiliac joint filled with?
A
Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
19
Q
In the lumbar + thoracic, what is shape of body and does it encourage rotation?
A
Thoracic - flat, encourage rotation
Lumbar - curved, restricts rotation
20
Q
What are the 3 structures of intervertebral discs?
A
Nucleus Pulposus
Annulus Fibrosus
Vertebral End Plate
21
Q
Name 3 features of nucleus pulposus
A
Few cartilage cells and type I collagen
Fluid nature
When weight applied, reduces height + exerts pressure on annulus
22
Q
Name 2 features of annulus fibrosus
A
Ordered lamellae of collagen type I - 6 degree each layer
Lattice structure
23
Q
Name 3 features of vertebral end plate
A
Formed hyaline cartilage, surround nucleus pulposus
Permeable barrier between nucleus + bone
Prevent nucleus bulging into body
24
Q
What are the 3 ligaments of the vertebral column?
A
Anterior Longitudinal ligament
Posterior Longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
25
Where does anterior longitudinal ligament attach?
Anterior surface of vertebral bodies
| Attached to occipital bones + extend far as upper sacrum
26
Where does posterior longitudinal ligament attach?
Lies inside vertebral column on posterior side bodies
| From axis to sacrum attaching to intervertebral discs + margins of vertebral bodies
27
Where does ligamentum flavum attach?
Connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae
| Extend from articular capsules to place where lamina joins spine
28
What are the extrinsic muscles of the vertebral column?
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Serratus Posterior
29
What are the muscles of the erector spinae and brief descrip of each?
Spinalis - spinous processes of upper lumbar, thoracic and lower cervical
Longissimus - attaches rib + transverse process of thoracic + cervical vertebrae
Ilio-costalis - attach angle of ribs + transverse processes of lower cervical vertebrae
30
What are the muscles of the transversospinalis and brief descrip of each?
Semispinalis - lower thoracic - upper thoracic + cervical spinous processes
Multifidus - transverse process to spinous process of 1-3 vertebrae above
Rotatores - lamina of 1 vertebrae to transverse process of vertebra below
31
What are the muscles of the erector spinae group covered in within different regions?
Lumbar regions - thoracolumbar fascia
Lumbar + thoracic - serratus posterior muscle
Neck - splenius muscle
32
What is the function of the thoracolumbar fascia?
Stabilizes pelvis
33
Layers of chest wall from skin to lung
(Skin) - Superficial Fascia - Deep fascia - Extrinsic muscle - External intercostal muscle - Internal intercostal muscle - Innermost intercostal muscle - Parietal pleura - Pleural cavity - Visceral pleura - (Lung)
34
What layers does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lay in between?
Internal and innermost intercostal muscle
35
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
Manubrium sterni
Body of sternum
Xiphisternum (Xiphoid process)
36
What is the sternal angle?
Joint between manubrium sterni and body of sternum
37
```
Which ones are:
a) True ribs?
b) False ribs?
c) Free floating ribs?
(What defines them?)
```
a) 1-7 - attach thoracic vertebrae and sternum
b) 8-12 - x anterior attachment to sternum
c) 11-12
38
What is the only primary cartilaginous joint in the adult skeleton?
1st rib joint
39
Where can you feel the mastoid process?
Feel behind ears
40
What is the main neck muscle that supports the ribcage?
| Where attach + originate?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Attaches sternum + clavicle
From mastoid
41
What muscles make up the scalenes?
| Where attach
Scalenus Anterior
Scalenus Medius
Scalenus Posterior
To 1st rib (Posterior to 2nd)
42
What are the 2 features of a baby rib cage?
Wider subcostal angle + straighter ribs
43
What type of breathing do babies do?
Diaphragmatic breathing
44
What facets are on the head of ribs and where do they connect?
Superior demifacet - vertebral body above
Interarticular facet
Inferior demifacet - same no' of vertebral body
45
What type of joint does the head of the rib make?
Costovertebral joint
46
What part of the rib does the sympathetic chain run over?
Neck
47
What are the 2 aspects of the tubercle of the rib?
Articular facet
| Non-articular (ligamentous)
48
What type of joint does the tubercle of the rib make?
Costotransverse joint - join transverse process
49
Name 3 atypical features of 1st rib
Tubercle for scalenus anterior muscle
Single facet head
Grooves for subclavian valves
50
Name 2 atypical features of 2nd rib
Tubercle for scalene posterior
| Tubercle for serratus anterior
51
Name 2 atypical features of 11th and 12th ribs
X tubercles
| X attach sternum
52
```
What type of motion do the:
a) True ribs
b) False ribs
carry out?
(What diameter does increase?)
```
a) Pump-handle motion - anterosuperior diameter
| b) Bucket-handle motion - transverse diameter
53
What artery arises from:
a) Thoracic artery?
b) L. subclavian artery? (what else give rise to?)
a) Posterior intercostal artery
| b) Internal thoracic artery - anterior intercostal artery
54
Where is the azygos vein located?
Right side at back of chest wall
55
At what level do the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos vein join the azygos vein?
T7
56
What arteries supply pericardium and where branch from?
Pericardiophrenic arteries
| Internal thoracic artery
57
What are armpit lymph nodes called?
Axillary nodes
58
What are the lymph nodes at the root of the neck?
Supraclavicular nodes
59
What 3 nodes join the bronchomediastinal trunk and what do they drain?
Brachiocephalic - around main vessels of chest
Internal thoracic - anterior chest
Tracheobronchial
60
What nodes join the thoracic duct and what do they drain?
Posterior mediastinal - back chest
| Posterior intercostal
61
Where do the diaphragmatic nodes drain to?
Anterior/Posterior depending on where located
62
What vertebra level are the nipples?
T4
63
What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal Serous Pericardium
Visceral Serous Pericardium
64
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
65
What part of the diaphragm does the fibrous pericardium attach to?
Central tendon
66
Which pericardium is attached to the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal serous
67
What forms the epicardium?
Visceral serous pericardium + loose connective tissue
68
What fluid does the serous pericardium produce and what is it's function?
Serous ==> Pericardial fluid
| Reduce friction during heart contraction (lubricant)
69
What is the transverse pericardial sinus?
Passage through pericardial cavity
Separates heart's arterial outflow from venous inflow
Posterior to ascending aorta + pulmonary trunk
Anterior to SVC
70
What is the oblique pericardial sinus?
Pericardial reflection around SVC + pulmonary veins
71
What is cardiac tamponade?
Accumulation of fluid in pericardial space
72
What is hemopericardium?
Blood in pericardial space
73
What nerves innervate fibrous and parietal pericardium ?
| Where originate?
Phrenic nerves
| C3,4,5
74
What nerve innervates visceral pericardium?
Vagus nerve
75
What is the cardiac skeleton?
Connective tissue that separates atrium + ventricles
| Gives rise to valves of heart
76
What is epicardial fat?
Fat under visceral pericardium
77
What are the coronary grooves?
Between atria + ventricular
| Contain coronary arteries
78
What is the name of the comb arranged muscles in the right atria?
Musculi Pectinati
79
What is the junction between smooth and rough muscle in the right atria?
Crista Terminalis
80
What is the fossa ovalis in the right atrium?
V thin depression
| Embryological remnant
81
What is propatency?
| How much of pop have?
When the fossa ovalis is partially open
| 1/5 of population
82
What are the muscular ridges in the ventricles?
Trabeculae Carnea
83
In the right ventricle, what is the smooth area near the outflow of blood to the pulmonary trunk?
Membranous portion of interventricular septum
84
What is the infundibulum?
Funnel leading to pulmonary valve
85
What are the cords attached to heart valves and the subsequent muscles?
Chordae tendineae
| Papillary muscles
86
What is ventricular septal defect?
Hole between 2 ventricles
| Refers to hole in heart when babies have
87
How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?
4
88
What is the formal name for the bicuspid valve?
Mitral valve
89
What is endocarditis?
Infection of endocardium
90
What is mitral stenosis?
Narrowing of mitral valve
91
What is mitral valve prolapse and one common cause?
Mitral valve x close properly
| Damaged papillary valve
92
When does the papillary contract and what does it do to the chordae tendineae?
During ventricular systole (same time as ventricles)
| Pull down chordae tendineae
93
How much fetal blood passes through the foramen ovale?
80%
94
What is connection between pulmonary trunk and aorta and how much blood passes through it in fetal circulation?
Ductus arteriosus
| 19%
95
What closes the:
a) Foramen ovale?
b) Ductus arteriosus?
a) 1st breath
| b) Diff chem composition of blood - becomes fibrous cord
96
Which direction does blood flow in:
a) Patent foramen ovale?
b) Patent ductus arteriosus?
a) Left atria ==> right atria due pressure difference
| b) Aorta ==> pulmonary system
97
Which bundle branch leaves ventricular wall early and what is it called?
Right bundle branch
| Moderator branch/Septomarginal bundle
98
Where is cardiac pacemaker put and where do the leads go?
Sit under skin
| Leads to venous drainage + superior vena cava
99
Where are the superficial and deep nerve plexuses located?
Anterior to bifurcation of trachea
| Posterior to ascending aorta
100
What is the sympathetic supply of the heart?
T1 - T4
101
What does sympathetic stimulation of the heart cause?
Increase heart rate
Increase force of contraction
Dilate coronary arteries
102
What is the parasympathetic supply of the heart?
Presynaptic fibres of vagus nerves
103
What does parasympathetic stimulation of the heart cause?
Slows heart rate
Reduces force of contraction
Constricts coronary arteries
104
What is tonic contraction?
```
Slight contraction (muscle tone)
X produce movement/active resistance
Stability of joints
Maintenance of posture
```
105
Where do the coronary arteries arise from?
Ascending aorta, just above aortic valve
106
What is the opening of the coronary arteries called?
Osteum
107
What is the first descension of the r coronary artery?
Descends in anterior coronary sulcus
108
What does the r coronary artery supply?
```
R atrium + most r ventricle
Diaphragmatic prt of l ventricle
Posterior 1/3 of IV septum
SA node (60% peeps)
AV node (80%)
```
109
What branches does the RCA give?
SA nodal branch
AV nodal branch
Right marginal (acute margin)
110
What is the first route of the LCA?
Between left auricle + left side of pulmonary trunk in coronary groove
111
What does the l coronary artery supply?
Left atrium
Most l ventricle + prt r ventricle
Anterior 2/3 of IV septum
SA node (40% peeps)
112
What does left coronary dominance mean and what percentage?
| And right?
LCA give rise to posterior descending artery (circumflex branch) - 50%
RCA instead - 20%
113
What branches does the LCA give?
Circumflex
Left marginal
Anterior interventricular
114
Where is pain felt in a heart attack and what dermatome regions are associated with them?
Sternum - T2-T4
| Inside left arm - T1-T2
115
In the semilunar valves, the filling of what feature helps fill coronary arteries?
Semilunar cusps
116
What do the semilunar valves have to prevent leakage?
Nodules join together
117
How many lobes on:
a) Left lung?
b) RIght lung?
a) 2
| b) 3
118
What is a PA chest x-ray?
| Why taken?
Posterior-anterior
Fired posteriorly and collected anteriorly
Heart captured to approximate size
119
Where does the apex of lung tissue cross?
2-3 cm above medial clavicle
120
What is an AP bronchiogram?
```
Anterior-posterior
Contrast medium (gas) inhaled and coats lining of airways
```
121
What level does trachea bifurcate and in relation to which structure?
T3-T4
| At plane of sternal angle
122
What is the fancy name for:
a) Thoracic inlet?
b) Thoracic outlet?
a) Superior thoracic aperture
| b) Inferior thoracic aperture
123
What is the thoracic inlet bounded by?
Posteriorly T1 vertebrae
Laterally by 1st pair ribs + costal cartilages
Anteriorly by superior border of manubrium
124
What is the thoracic outlet bounded by?
Posteriorly T12 vertebrae
Posterolaterally by 11th + 12th pairs rib
Anterolaterally by costal margin
Anteriorly xiphisternal joint
125
What 3 openings does the diaphragm have for vessels?
Caval opening - IVC, r phrenic nerve terminal branches
Oesophageal opening
Aortic opening - Abdominal aorta
126
Where does the lowest part of the diaphragm attach to?
L1-L2
127
What innervates:
a) RIght hemidiaphragm?
b) Left hemidiaphragm
a) R phrenic nerve
| b) L phrenic nerve
128
What is the name of the space in the phrenic angle?
Costodiaphragmatic recess
129
Why would you put a needle into the costodiaphragmatic recess?
X puncture lung
Get sample of pleural fluid
Drain air from pleural cavity using catheter
130
What are the 4 types of parietal pleura?
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
Cervical
131
What is the innervation of the:
a) Cervical pleura?
b) Mediastinal pleura?
a) Intercostal nerves
| b) Phrenic nerves
132
What does the costal pleura cover?
Internal surface of thoracic wall
| Separated from wall by endothoracic fascia
133
What does the mediastinal pleura cover?
Lateral aspects of mediastinum
134
What does the diaphragmatic pleura cover?
Superior/thoracic surface of diaphragm on each side mediastinum
135
What does the cervical pleura cover?
Extends superior thoracic aperture into rest of neck
| Cup-shaped dome over apex lung with suprapleural membrane
136
Which direction does the parietal and visceral pleura naturally go?
Parietal - expand outwards
| Visceral - inward pull
137
What can be the causes of a collapsed lung?
Visceral pleura lesion e.g. invasive cancer
| Puncture wound in parietal pleura
138
What muscle surrounds oesophageal opening of diaphragm?
Right crus muscle
139
What blood vessels supply diaphragm?
Internal thoracic
| Inferior phrenic
140
What nerves supply diaphragm?
L. + R. phrenic nerves
| From C3-C5
141
What is the area of the superior mediastinum?
Sternal angle into intervertebral disc between T4 and T5
142
Where are these mediastinum located in relation to the heart?
a) Anterior mediastinum
b) MIddle mediastinum
c) Posterior mediastinum
a) In front of heart
b) Contains heart
c) Behind heart
143
What is the shape of the thymus gland?
Bilobed
| Asymmetrical
144
Where is the thymus gland located?
Part in superior mediastinum
| Part in anterior mediastinum
145
What is the main arterial supply to the thymus gland?
Internal thoracic artery
146
What is the role of the thymus gland in a baby?
Differentiate T cells
| Build up T cell population
147
What veins form the brachiocephalic veins?
Internal jugular veins
| Subclavian veins
148
What veins form the SVC?
Brachiocephalic
149
Why is the left brachiocephalic vein longer than the right?
Has to arch over sternoclavicular joint to go on RHS
150
At what level does the azygos vein arch over to join the SVC?
At sternal angle
151
What arteries arise directly from the aortic arch?
Left common carotid artery
| Left subclavian artery
152
What is the sternal ligament?
Holds pericardium of heart onto chest wall
153
What is the muscle between the tracheal rings?
| Nerve supply?
Trachealis muscle
Smooth muscle
Parasym efferents of vagus
154
What nerves supply trachea and oesophagus?
R + L recurrent laryngeal nerves
155
What type of muscle makes up oesophagus?
Upper third - skeletal muscle
Lower third - smooth muscle
Transition as go down
156
What nerves supply muscles of oesophagus?
Skeletal - vagus, somatic
| Smooth - vagus, parasymp, autonomic
157
Where does the oesophagus begin?
Opposite 6th cervical vertebrae
Behind cricoid cartilage
Narrowest point oeso
158
What are the 4 indentations of the oesophagus?
Arch of aorta - T4
Left bronchus - T5
Left atrium - T6-T10
Diaphragm - T10
159
What is dysphasia?
Difficulty swallowing
160
What structures are in the posterior mediastinum?
```
Thoracic aorta
Thoracic duct
Posterior Mediastinal lymph nodes
Azygos + hemiazygos veins
Oesophagus
Oesophageal plexus
Thoracic sympathetic trunks
Thoracic splanchnic nerves
```
161
What are the nerves of the mediastinum and their relations?
Vagus nerve - between internal jugular vein + common carotid artery
Phrenic nerve - between subclavian vein + subclavian artery
Sympathetic chain
162
What muscle does the phrenic nerve pass?
Anterior to scalenus anterior muscle
163
Where are these nerves in relation to the lung root?
a) Vagus nerve
b) Phrenic nerves
a) Posterior to lung root
| b) Anterior to lung root
164
What is the sensory supply to the larynx above the vocal folds?
Internal laryngeal nerve
165
What does the external laryngeal nerve supple?
Cricothyroid muscle
166
What branches does the phrenic nerve give in route to?
Fibrous + parietal branches
| Parietal pleura branches
167
What is the sympathetic supply to the lungs and what does it do?
T2-T4
| Vasoconstrict, afferent pain fibres
168
What is the parasympathetic supply to the lungs and what does it do?
Vagus nerves
| Bronchoconstriction
169
What is the
a) Sympathetic
b) Parasympathetic
supply to the pulmonary plexus?
a) T1-T5
| b) Vagus
170
What is the
a) Sympathetic
b) Parasympathetic
supply to the cardiac plexus?
a) T1-T4
| b) Vagus
171
What is the
a) Sympathetic
b) Parasympathetic
supply to the oesophageal plexus?
a) T2-T6
| b) Vagus
172
What is the preferred angle of a patient in respiratory distress?
45 degrees
173
What 2 muscles hold up 1st rib?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
| Scalene muscle
174
What happens to the intercostal space during quiet breathing?
Stiffens to prevent bellowing
175
What are the 3 actions of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Extends head, flexes neck
Turns head to opposite side
Inspiratory muscle
176
What is the innervation of sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Spinal accessory cranial nerve XI
177
What are the 3 actions of the scalene muscles?
Lateral flexion of neck
Flexion of neck
Inspiratory muscle
178
What is the innervation of scalene muscles?
Cervical plexus
179
What nerves crosses in front of scalenus anterior?
Phrenic nerve
180
What type of contraction do the scalene muscles undergo to keep rib cage slightly elevated?
Tonic contraction
181
What causes a flail chest?
Multiple rib fractures/ same rib fractured min 2 times
182
What is paradoxical movement in flail chest?
Bit of chest wall not anchored to chest wall moves in opposite direction to chest cavity
e.g. inspiration - sucked in, expiration - pushed out
183
What are the muscles in forced inspiration?
```
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Erector spinae
Quadratus lumborum for lower rib stabilisation
```
184
What are the muscles in forced expiration?
Rectus abdominis
Obliques
Latissimus dorsi
Triangularis sterni
185
What is the entry and exit of the nasal cavity called?
Entry: Anterior nares
| Exit - Posterior nares
186
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Warm and moisten inspired air, 100% saturation
187
What are the coarse hairs in the nasal cavity called and what is their function?
Vibrissae (in vestibules)
| Filter out large particles
188
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
189
Approx how many cartilaginous rings in trachea?
20
190
What is the carina?
Junction at bifurcation of trachea
191
What is the name of the first 3 divisions of the trachea?
Pulmonary bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Tertiary/segmental bronchi
192
How many divisions of bronchi can exist and which ones have cartilage?
Up to 23 divisions
| First 3
193
What type of epithelium surrounds the bronchi near the final divisions?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
| Only found in resp tract
194
What is the supply for alveolar cells?
Don't have one
| Take O2 by diffusion
195
What supplies the bronchi and bronchioles?
| And origin?
Bronchial artery
| Off descending aorta
196
How is the nasal cavity adapted to warm inspired air?
Blood vessels of mucosal layer close to epithelium
| Air is close to wall as nasal cavity v narrow
197
What is the nasal concha?
Bony elements to increase SA of nasal cavity
| Rapid warming + humidification of air
198
What do the mast cells release and why?
His - reduction of lumen of airway to prevent stuff entering
| Bad in hayfever, asthma
199
Where are the cilia located in resp system?
On top of pseudostratified ciliated cells
200
Where is the respiratory centre in the brain?
Pons/medulla
201
What receptors in these organs stimulate respiratory centre in brain?
a) Great arteries
b) Visceral pleura
a) Peripheral + central chemoreceptors
| b) Stretch receptors by vagus nerve
202
By what method to muscles send signals to respiratory centre?
Proprioception
203
What receptors can stimulate coughing?
Irritant receptors
| C receptors
204
At what level is larynx located?
Bodies of C3-C6 vertebrae
205
What are are the 4 main aspects of larynx?
Epiglottis
Glottis
Vocal fold - true
Vestibular fold - false
206
How can the diameter of the glottis be altered?
By rotation of arytenoid cartilage
207
What cartilage in larynx gives the Adam's apple?
Thyroid cartilage
208
What cartilage in larynx is a complete ring?
Cricoid cartilage
209
How should you carry out an emergency laryngotomy?
Feel for laryngeal prominence
Immediately below feel for cricoid cartilage
Between is cricothyroid cartilage + puncture
Check x glandular tissue as could puncture artery - retract if present
210
What is a tracheotomy?
Reflection of upper tracheal rings
211
What is the sensory supply to the upper larynx?
Internal laryngeal nerve
212
What is the sensory supply to the lower larynx?
L recurrent laryngeal nerve
213
Where does the trachea start and end?
C6 vertebrae to T4/5
214
What can be used to view airways for abnormalities?
Bronchoscope
215
Which bronchus would an inhaled peanut most likely go down?
Right bronchus
216
How many lobes on:
a) Right lung?
b) Left lung?
a) 3 lobes
| b) 2 lobes
217
What indentation is on left lung for heart?
Cardiac notch
218
Why does an old individual's lung have black markings?
Deposits of inhaled carbon
219
How are body scans carried out?
Radioactive isotopes given which target derivatives of glc molecules
220
Why are tumours more visible on body scans?
Metabolically active
221
What is a tension pneumothorax?
Pressure on heart, displacing structures
222
What is one feature of a pneumothorax on an x-ray?
Margin of lung decreased - pleural stripe
223
What is one feature pneumonia on an x-ray?
Consolidated lung tissue, appears white
224
What can causes a pleural effusion?
Serous membrane produces excess fluid
| Stimulated by bact/ lesion in lung wall
225
Which direction would you aim the catheter if draining:
a) Air from lung?
b) Fluid from lung?
a) Upwards as air rises
| b) Downwards
226
How many bronchopulmonary segments on each lung?
10 on right
| 8 on left (can be 10)
227
Where is the transverse fissure on the right lung located?
Mid axillary line of 5th rib to 4th costal cartilage anteriorly
228
Where is the oblique fissure on the right lung located?
Spine of 3rd thoracic vertebrae on back to 6th costal cartilage anteriorly
229
Where is the middle lobe of the right lobe located?
Between 4th and 6th costal cartilage
230
What position should patient assume when listening to back and why?
Hands on head
Shoulder blades externally rotate
Medial border of scapula fits oblique fissure posteriorly
231
What is auscultation?
Listening to internal body sounds
232
Where are the inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes located?
Above and below carina
233
Which side does the lymphatics of the right lung drain to?
Right
234
Which side does the lymphatics of the left lung drain to?
Left
| Lower lobe can be left/right
235
Where is the pulmonary plexus?
Posterior to lung roots
236
Where do the pain fibre afferents of the lung originate from?
T1-T4
237
What are the parasympathetic actions in the lungs?
Motor to sm of bronchial tree - bronchoconstrictor
Inhibitory to pulmonary vessels - vasodilator
Secretory to glands of bronchial tree - secretomotor
238
What are the sympathetic actions in the lungs?
Inhibitory to bronchial muscle - bronchodilator
Motor to pulmonary vessels - vasoconstrictor
Inhibitory to alveolar glands of bronchial tree
239
At what level does the spinal cord end?
Level of L1-2
