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anatomy year 1 > Anatomy of the Back Lecture > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Back Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What does the spinal cord lie in?

A

Vertebral canal

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2
Q

What structure does the spinal cord end at?

A

Conus medullaris

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3
Q

What spinal level does the spinal cord end at in an adult and a child?

A

L1/L2 in an adult

L3 in a child

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4
Q

What do lumbar and sacral nerves form?

A

Cauda equina

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5
Q

What does the pia mater extend and attach to as?

A

Extends as the folum terminale and attaches to coccyx

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6
Q

What is the spinal cord covered and protected by?

A

Meninges

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges (from outside to inside)?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid

Pia mater

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8
Q

What is between the arachnoid and the pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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9
Q

What is the subanarachnoid space filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

Where does the dura mater and arachnoid extend to?

A

S3

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11
Q

Why are the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord enlarged?

A

To allow for brachial and lumbar plexes nerves that supply the limbs

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12
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge in relation to vertebrae and what they are celled?

A

Above the vertebrae (T3 nerve is above the T3 vertebrae)

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13
Q

What does the lateral horn contain?

A

Cell bodies of the sympathetic neurones

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14
Q

Where is the lateral horn present?

A

Between T1-L2/3 (sympathetic)

Between S2-S4 (parasympathetic)

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15
Q

Where are grey matter and white matter in relation to each other in the spinal cord?

A

White is on the outside

Grey is on the inside

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16
Q

What pathway do sympathetic fibres take once they leave the spinal cord?

A

1) Emerge in the vental root via a white ramus
2) Synapse to the sympathetic chain
3) Re-enter spinal nerve via grey ramus
4) Distributed in both dorsal and ventral rami

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17
Q

Do sympathetic fibres emerge in the dorsal or ventral root?

A

Ventral

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18
Q

What does the sympathetic trunk extend from and to?

A

C1 to Cc1

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19
Q

What is thoracic viscera?

A

Organs in the thoracic cavity

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20
Q

What is abdominal viscera?

A

Organs in the abdomen

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21
Q

For which of thoracic and abdominal viscera do sympathetic fibres use the sympathetic chain?

A

Thoracic, they do no use the chain for abdominal viscera, fibres pass through the chain and synapse at prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen

22
Q

What are the 2 ways that sympathetic fibres can go to the viscera as?

A

Post ganglionic (thoracic)

Pre ganglionic (abdominal)

23
Q

What is viscera also known as?

A

Splanchnic nerves

24
Q

Whre do splanchnic nerves to thoracic organs orginate?

A

T1 - T4

25
Q

Where do splanchnic nerves to abdominal organs originate?

A

T5 - T12 and L1 - L2

26
Q

What are the 3 kinds of splanchnic nerves?

A

Greater

Lesser

Least

27
Q

Where do greater splanchnic nerves pass through the sympathetic chain?

A

T6 - T9

28
Q

Where do lesser splanchnic nerves pass through the sympathetic chain?

A

T10 - T11

29
Q

Where do least splanchnic nerves pass through the sympathetic chain?

A

T12

30
Q

What happens to splanchnic nerves to thoracic organs after they synapse at the sympathetic chain?

A

Run to a nerve plexus (cardiopulmonary) as postganglionic fibres and then to they organ they innervate

31
Q
A
32
Q

What nerve plexus do splanchnic nerves to the thoracic organs use?

A

Cardiopulmonary plexus

33
Q

How do sympathetic fibres innervate the face and head?

A

Synapse with one of three ganglia, then following an artery to reach their target organ

34
Q

What are the 3 ganglia that sympathatic fibres use to innervate the face and head?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

Middle cervical ganglion

Inferior cervical ganglion

35
Q

Is the sympathetic system generally considered motor or sensory?

A

Motor

36
Q

How do sensory fibres of the sympathetic system run?

A

General sensory run with parasympathetic fibres

Pain runs with sympathetic fibres (also parasympathetic in pelvis)

They then enter the dorsal root, and continue to the lateral horn

37
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves arise from?

A

Cranial III, VII, IX and X

S2 - S4

38
Q

Where are the S2 - S4 nerves commonly refered to as?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

39
Q

What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

Parasympathetic

40
Q

Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerve cell bodies reside?

A

Lateral grey horn at T12 - L2

41
Q

How do pelvic splanchnic nerves get from T12 - L2 to where they are needed?

A

1) Bilaterally, run through the lumbosacral plexus to the sacral foramina
2) Exit at the cauda equina at S2 - S4
3) Run through pelvic/inferior hypogastric plexus
4) Synapse to ganglion close to target
5) Postganglionic fibre supplies organ

42
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres exit the vertebral column?

A

Cauda equina at S2 - S4

43
Q

How do parasympathetic fibres get from S2 - S4 to their ganglion close to their target?

A

Run through the pelvic/inferior hypogastric plexus

44
Q

What does the pelvic/inferior plexus contain?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres

45
Q

What is the sentinal lymph node?

A

First lymph node to which cancer cells disperse

46
Q

What are axillary lymph nodes?

A

Lie along the walls of the axilla

47
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

A

Junction of right internal jagular and right subclavian veins

48
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty?

A

Junction of left internal jagular and left subclavian veins

49
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

Most inferior part of the thoracic duct

50
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Whole body except right upper quadrant

51
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Only the right upper quadrant of the body

anatomy year 1 (14 decks)

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